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History- British Empire > Expansion And Contraction > Flashcards

Expansion And Contraction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the imperial war cabinet?

A

Created by Lloyd George in 1917 to co ordinate imperial military policy

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2
Q

Lloyd George and imperial preference

A

Greater effort from resources of manpower and materials from empire

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3
Q

DOMINIONS Australia and WW1

A

Rejected conscription in 2 referendums Oct 1916 and dec 1917

Applauded for bravery at Gallipoli 1915

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4
Q

DOMINIONS New Zealand and WW1

A

Introduced conscription 1916

Applauded for bravery at Gallipoli 1915

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5
Q

DOMINIONS Canada and WW1

A

Applauded for bravery at vimy ridge 1917
Supplied munitions (1/3 of munitions used by Brit army in France 1917-18)
French Canadians in Quebec City riots against conscription 1918
Conscription introduced 1917

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6
Q

DOMINIONS South Africa and WW1

A

JBM hertzog republican movement

136,000 SA troops fought in Middle East and western front

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7
Q

DOMINIONS South Africa and WW1: general smuts

A

Formed South African defence force which was successful against the Germans
Member of imperial war cabinet- advised on military strategy in Europe!
Spoke about a “community of nations which I prefer to call the British commonwealth of nations”

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8
Q

India and WW1

A

1917 Indian gov contributed £100m to British war effort
Major contributions in Middle East
In reward secutary of state Edwin montagu promised responsible self government for India

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9
Q

Africa and WW1

A

Black people recruited to work in France as labourers and carriers 100,000 died
100,000 Egyptian soldiers fought in Europe 50% killed
1.2m Egyptians recruited to defend Egypt and Middle East
Egypt became a protectorate in 1917

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10
Q

Aftermath of WW1 for Africa

A

First pan African congress held in France 1919

A delegation from SA attended Versailles peace conference 1919 to present the African case

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11
Q

The League of Nations

A

Set up by post war peace treaties

Treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of its former colonies and Ottoman Empire

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12
Q

Which treaty distributed land among allied powers to become mandates?

A

Treaty of san Remo 1920

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13
Q

The result of the post war peace treaties

A

Empire reached its greatest extent with addition of 1800,000 square miles and 13m new subjects

Dominions acquires mandates of their own

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14
Q

Evidence that the empire didn’t win the war for us

A

80% of casualties and 88% of the expenditure incurred by the British empire to defeat Germany and turkey cane from the UKs treasury and domestic tax payers

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15
Q

The Balfour declaration

A

Sympathy for Jewish Zionism

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16
Q

Motivation of Balfour declaration

A

Hoped that it would convince USA to enable Britain to extend its influence into the Middle East

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17
Q

In 1915 what were the British and French plotting and what did they encourage

A

To divide Middle East between them

Encouraged Arab rebellion against Turkish empire- TE Lawrence promoted rebellion from Arab tribes 1917-18

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18
Q

The result of the Balfour declaration

A

Violent clashes between Arabs and Jews

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19
Q

By 1931 how much of the Palestine pop where Jewish? Why is this significant?

A

17.7%

Cannot fulfil promises

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20
Q

Bernard porter and British promises

A

Made “irresponsibly”

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21
Q

Easter rising 1916

A

By Sinn Fein unsuccessful

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22
Q

1919 what did Sinn Fein win?

A

Majority of Irish seats in Westminster

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23
Q

1919 what did Sinn Fein declare

A

Irish republic and IRA began guerrilla warfare against brits

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24
Q

Why did Eamon de Valera refuse Anglo Irish treaty

A

Involved splitting the county= Irish civil war

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25
Q

Republic of Ireland act

A

1948 separates from brit

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26
Q

What did the irish show

A

British imperialism could be challenged successfully

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27
Q

Expansion in WW1

A

Iraq Transjordan Palestine tanganyika Cameroon
SA gained SW Africa
Australia gained New Guinea

28
Q

Contraction WW1 and interwar period

A

S Ireland fully independent by 1937
Egypt 1922 granted full independence but remained client state until 1954
Iraq independent 1932 but retained close ties

29
Q

4 key problems relating to imperial defence

A

The Great Depression

Emergence of threatening regimes- Japan facist Italy and nazi germany

Nationalist independence movements eg India need for military resources

Realisation that League of Nations could not provide security in international affairs

30
Q

Policy of appeasement

A

Efforts to prevent another major European war by surrendering territorial demands made by Germany and Italy

31
Q

What did the policy of appeasement allow Britain to do?

A

Strengthen forces against Japan
Modernise Indian army
Singapore naval base £25m

32
Q

The failure of appeasement

A

Neville chamberlain underestimated German ambition who invaded Poland sep 1939

Japan attacked Singapore feb 1942 when Britain at war in Europe

33
Q

DOMINION India and WW2

A

Over 87,000 Indian soldiers died

Commander of Indian army said British “couldn’t have came through both wars if they hadn’t had the Indian army”

Viceroy declared war on behalf of India- INC annoyed

Leaders of quit India movement imprisoned

34
Q

DOMINION South Africa and WW2

A 
No conscription 
All forces are volunteers 
Many supported going to war
Took 3 days to decide 
Mining industry converted to war effort 
Group of nazis opposed
35
Q

DOMINION New Zealand and WW2

A 
Conscription
Pacifists arrested 
Opposed appeasement- worried about invasion from Japan
Declared war on Germany in own right
140,000 served
36
Q

DOMINION Canada in WW2

A

Many opposed due to WW1 memories
Neutral at first
No conscription

37
Q

South Asia and WW2

A

Unnamed works doing hard labour many died

38
Q

DOMINION Australia in WW2

A

Felt dragged into it
Social pressure many people rushed to enlist
Remembered WW1

39
Q

The rise of the Japanese

A

Fall of Singapore 1942

40
Q

What was El Alamein 1942?

A

Battle in North Africa that pushed out nazi Germans

Secured Egypt and Suez Canal

41
Q

Why was the fall of Singapore significant?

A

Defend of Malaya and Burma imposed

Brought the largest surrender of British troops in history

42
Q

The Japanese exposed weakness of the empire: other events as a result

A

Ended white invincibility myth
30,000 Indian troops joined INA and fought against British 1943 in Burma

Burma formed independence army

REPRESENTED A BETRAYAL OF THE EMPIRES GUARENTEE OF SECURITY IN RETURN FOR LOYALTY

43
Q

Atlantic charter 1941

A

Churchill wants Roosevelt in the war who wants dismantlement of imperial preference

44
Q

Economic position in 1945

A

USA demand repayment of war debt
NHS
Labour landslide victory of 145 majority there is a need for social reform

45
Q

British debt 1945

A

£3500m

Imported £2000m only exported £350m

46
Q

The government of India act 1919

A

Limited self government- Indian ministers and British viceroy- step towards full dominion status

47
Q

The rowlatt act

A

March 18th 1919

Imprisonment for suspected terrorism with out a warrant or trial and stricter control of the press

48
Q

What caused the the British to introduce direct rule and repression c. 1935 (government of India act)

3 main reasons

A
  • congress party opposed gov of India act as no independence
  • princely states rejected federal India as wanted to maintain independence
  • 1939 ministers in provinces resigned from office opposing Indian participation in war
49
Q

Why introduce the rowlatt act?

A

Under the Simon commission recommended that internal security and foreign affairs remain in British control
Curb the threat from revolutionary nationalist organisations

50
Q

Amritsar massacre

A

April 13th 1919

British Indian army under dyer fired at a crowd of Punjabi people celebrating a cultural festival

51
Q

Reasons for dyers actions at Amritsar- Jeremy paxman

A

Jeremy paxman- his actions followed a pattern “using devastating force to impose their will” “brutal truth about empire”

52
Q

Indian reactions to Dyer

A
  • INC- Britain has no moral authority

- galvanised Gandhi’s non co op movement

53
Q

Chaura Chauri 1922

A

Protestors in non cooperation movement set fire to police station- police opened fire- 3 civilians and 23 policeman dead- movement end

54
Q

Quit India campaign 1942

A

Gandhi and INC demanded “an orderly British withdrawal” British imprisoned almost the entire INC leadership and movement failed

55
Q

Cripps mission

A

1942 inc reject
Promise of full dominion status
Too little too late

56
Q

Non cooperation campaign

A

1920-22
Refusal to buy British goods
Local handicrafts
Pocket liquor shops

57
Q

The Muslim league and Jinnah

A 
1916
Disagreed with Gandhi’s non violence 
1940 wanted separate Muslim state 
Efforts in creating Pakistan- first Governor General 
Increasingly militant

=Indian independence movement not united

58
Q

How did Gandhi become a national figure

A

Championed indigo workers in Bihar
Mediated textile industry dispute in Ahmedabad
And mediated the dispute of land taxes in Gujarat

59
Q

Role of Gandhi

A

1915 INC president
Indian dress symbolic of commitment to Indian culture
Methods hard for British to suppress

60
Q

The new labour gov victory

A

Landslide victory 1945

61
Q

Labour gov and the empire

A

Loans from use
Economic crisis after WW2
Less inclined to maintain empire

62
Q

Impact of WW2 on Burma

A

Anti fascist organisation (AFO) coalition with Burma national army under Aung San.

Atlee in dec 1946 said he’s unwilling to commit sufficient troops

Independence 1948

63
Q

Impact of WW2 on Middle East and the United Nations

A 
Tension between Arabs and Jews 
Possible solutions:
-unitary state- federal gov 
Jews reject as lead to Muslim rule 
-provincial autonomy- Jews reject

United Nations- chosen partition of Palestine under UN

64
Q

Was Palestine a success or failure?

A

Failure Britain had spent excess of £100m on governing Palestine since jan 1945 and over 330 soldiers dead

65
Q

Summary of WW1 and WW2 expansion and contraction

A

WW1 followed by expansion despite loss of Ireland Egypt and Iraq

WW2 major contraction- India Pakistan Palestine and Burma

Concept of empire remained strong- Britain continued to develop Africa and Malaya

History- British Empire (16 decks)

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