Colonial Policy And Administration

Question 1

The government of India act 1919

Answer 1

Provincial councils run by elected Indian ministers took responsibility for local gov health education and agriculture

Legislative council lower and upper house with more elected members

Step towards full dominion status

Question 2

The Simon commission

Answer 2

1929-30
Didn’t include Indian representation 
Suggested to gov act:
Federal system 
More power to provinces 
Defence, internal security, foreign affairs in British control

Question 3

Lord Birkenhead at the round table conferences

Answer 3

Doubt of non white leaders

Question 4

What happened at the round table conferences

Answer 4

British rejected dominion status
The government of India act 1935
Gandhi attended the second one

Question 5

The government of India act 1935

Answer 5

Created a federation of India by:

• mocking provinces completely self governing
• expanding the franchise 7-35m people

Question 6

Why was repression adopted

Answer 6

• congress party opposed gov of India act as no independence
• princely states rejected federal India as wanted to maintain independence
• 1939 ministers in provinces resigned from office opposing Indian participation in war

Question 7

Colonial policy in 1947

Answer 7

Failed- Britain lost India

Question 8

Indirect rule in Africa

Answer 8

Ruled through existing rulers or mandates
Most of W Africa
Promotion of economic and social development

Question 9

Development under indirect rule

Answer 9

£3m Gezira cotton scheme in Sudan

Limited as colonies are expected to self finance through taxtation

Question 10

Direct rule in Africa

Answer 10

Britain ruled through own officials

Kenya pressured for self gov 1920s excluded Kikuyu tribe who are heavily taxed and couldn’t grow cash crops

Question 11

Devonshire declaration 1923

Answer 11

Stressed interests of Africans had to be respected

Question 12

Direct rule in Africa: white and black division

Answer 12

South Africa- white minority’s control internal affairs
Statute of Westminster 1931 enabled white dominance to continue
S Rhodesia white settlers self gov 1923

Question 13

Palestine: jewish national fund

Answer 13

International organisation that buys land in Palestine for Jewish settlement- caused poorer Arabs to be evicted

Question 14

Problems for British administrators in Palestine: Jewish immigration

Answer 14

1939 restricted to 15,000 year for 5 years- nazi persecution begins

Question 15

Problems for British administrators in Palestine: change in policy

Answer 15

Palestine as a Jewish National homeland

Question 16

Problems for British administrators in Palestine: dealing with Arab rioting and attack’s in Jews

Answer 16

1936- Britain sent 20,000 troops

Question 17

Problems for British administrators in Palestine: 1937-1939

Answer 17

Policy of repression

Over 100 Arab terrorists hung

Question 18

Problems for British administrators in Palestine: PEEL report

Answer 18

1937 Palestine should be partitioned into separate Arab and Jewish areas and shared holy places

Question 19

Was the peel report a missed opportunity? Yes

Answer 19

• prevented introduction of repression policy?
• neural zone encourages unity
• only option the Jewish supported
• please America- so can expand into Middle East
• buffer country for sued canal
• protection of resources

Question 20

Was the peel report a missed opportunity? No

Answer 20

• it is a compromise not a solution
• partition would lead to fighting over territory
• never worked before eg Bengal and Ireland
• insufficient funds after WW1
• encourage Jewish expansion and provoke Arab aggression

Question 21

Was the peel report a missed opportunity?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

The dominions: Canada’s growing national identity

Answer 22

Solider said “we went up vimy ridge as Albertans and Nova Scotians… we came down as Canadian”

Question 23

The dominions: Canada and the USA

Answer 23

Negotiated a trade agreement

Question 24

Kipling quote about those of British decent

Answer 24

Had “a certain crude faith in the empire”

Question 25

The dominions: which Canadians generally opposed conscription?

Answer 25

French, farmers, unionised workers, non British

Question 26

The dominions: peace conferences decisions:

Answer 26

New status of dominions- partners of Britain in the empire

Question 27

The dominions: what was the Balfour Declaration

Answer 27

1926
First proposed by JBM Hertzog SA PM
Equal in status and not subordinate to one another in domestic or external affairs

Question 28

The effect of the Balfour declaration 1926

Answer 28

Weakens British control but unites

Question 29

The dominions: the statute of Westminster

Answer 29

1931:
Gave effect to political resolutions from conferences eg Balfour
Removal of the ability of parliament to legislate for the dominions- no longer make laws for the dominions without consent

Question 30

The effect of the statute of Westminster 1931

Answer 30

Britain can maintain influence without financing

Question 31

The effect of the imperial conference 1937

Answer 31

Some tensions which weaken relations but there is a high attendance (excluding Ireland)

Question 32

What did Savage the PM of NZ say at the conference in criticism to appeasement?

Answer 32

“You can pay too high a price even for peace”

Question 33

What topics were discussed at the 1937 imperial conference?

Answer 33

Foreign affairs and defence, trade policy, proposal of an imperial federation (dismissed)

Question 34

4 problems with imperial defence

Answer 34

economic difficulties during interwar years (GD in 1930s)

Italy and Japan

Nationalist movements

Appeasement opposed by NZ and Aus