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Jorge ENI > Exotic animal integument > Flashcards

Exotic animal integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the natural colours of small mammals

A
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2
Q

What can whiskers be described as?

A

sensitive vibrissae

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3
Q

Describe the integument of ferrets

A

Fur = soft, short under coat and long, course guard hairs
Skin is thick with sebaceous glands
No sweat glands, thick coat - prone to overheating
Seasonal moults - coat thins and lightens in spring

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4
Q

Describe the fur of rabbits

A

long and short guard hairs
undercoat
feet covered in thick fur

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5
Q

Describe the moulting pattern of rabbits

A

seasonal - spring and autumn

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6
Q

What is the function of large ears in a rabbit?

A

thermoregulation

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7
Q

where do rabbits have scent glands?

A

submental, anal and inguinal

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8
Q

What is a dewlap and what animals have it?

A

Mature female rabbits

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9
Q

What are some rabbit breed problems?

A

Rex - short guard hairs, hock sores, prone to pododermatitis
Angora - long undercoat -> matting
Giant breeds - skin fold dermatitis, pododermatitis
Lops - deformed ear canal, ear infections

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10
Q

Describe guinea pig integument

A

Lots of coat variations
Thick foot pads - prone to urine scald/bumblefoot
Hairless being ears
Sebaceous gland 1cm dorsal to anus (often matted and sticky in entire males)

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11
Q

Describe chinchilla integument

A

Very dense, soft coat
Need regular dust baths
‘fur slip’ - defence when handled roughly
Ears - large and bald

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12
Q

Describe hamster integument

A

Skin loose and stretches
large flank +/- ventral scent glands
glands more prominent in mature males

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13
Q

Describe rat integument

A

Zymbal’s gland at base of ear
Tail = hairless, important for thermoregulation (care for tail slip)
extensive mammary tissue

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14
Q

Describe gerbil integument

A

Tail-slip
Ventral scent gland

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15
Q

Describe sugar glider integument

A

pouch with 4 teats
cloaca
patagium stretching between front and hind legs
scent glands - forehead (males), throat and paracloacal
tail-slip

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16
Q

Describe african pygmy hedgehog integument

A

spines = modified hair
hair and sebaceous glands absent in spiny skin
many sweat and sebaceous glands in haired skin and feet

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17
Q

What are the functions of reptile skin?

A

display
protection
camouflage
thermoregulation
fluid homeostasis

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the reptile epidermis

A
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19
Q

What types of keratin are found in reptiles?

A

Alpha-keratin - flexible, delicate, found between scales and scutes, often sites of infections and mites
Beta-keratin - unique to reptiles, hard, form scutes, horns and scales

20
Q

What is the chelonian shell made from?

A
21
Q

What gives reptile skin its colour and what influences it?

A

Chromatophores - pigment containing cells that lie between dermis and epidermis
Influenced by autonomic NS, hormones, light and temp

22
Q

What is reptile skin colour used for?

A

camouflage
display
thermoregulation

23
Q
A
24
Q

What is the parietal eye in reptiles?

A

connected to pineal gland
responds to light
helps with thermoregulation and hormone production

25
Q

What are spectacles in reptiles?

A

clear scales over eyes of snakes and geckos

26
Q

What are heat-sensory pits?

A

detect warm prey
in boas, pythons and vipers

27
Q

What are crests, frills, horns, gular pouches and spines used for in reptiles?

A

display and/or defence

28
Q

What are cloacal spurs in reptiles?

A

retained pelvic vestiges
used in courtship

29
Q

what is a rattle in reptiles?

A

loosely fitting keratin
used to warn predators

30
Q

what adhesive toe pads in reptiles?

A

rows of tiny overlapping scales (lamellae) which are covered in tiny branching hairs

31
Q

What gives the chelonian shell additional strength?

A

scutes and osteoderms do not overlap exactly

32
Q

How do chelonian scutes grow?

A

addition of new keratin layers to base

33
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

reptiles - shedding of skin under influence of thyroid gland

34
Q

What are the stages of ecdysis?

A
  • cells of stratum intermediate layer replicate to form a new (3-layer) epidermis
  • lymph and enzymes diffuse between old and new epidermis to form a cleavage zone
  • old skin is shed
  • new skin hardens
35
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

problems shedding

36
Q

what are some clinical implications of shedding in reptiles?

A

During shedding the skin becomes more permeable and vulnerable to parasites and infection
Enhances absorption of topical medications -> toxicity

37
Q

What husbandry requirements do shedding reptiles require?

A

areas of increased humidity
rough object to rub on to initiate final shedding

38
Q

what is the function of amphibian skin

A

protection
sensory organ
thermoregulation
fluid balance

39
Q

Describe the epidermis of amphibians

A

thinner, easily damaged
Stratum corneum may be only 1 cell thick

40
Q

Describe the amphibian dermis

A

outer stratum spongiosum and inner stratum compactum
contains nerves, vessels, smooth muscles, chromatophores and specialised glands
Stratum corneum can be tightly adhered (salamanders) or loosely adhered (frogs and toads) to underlying connective tissue

41
Q

What are some amphibian skin adaptations?

A

area of increased vascularity on ventral pelvis to enable water absorption (‘drinking/pelvic patch’)
Epidermal glands may produce mucous/waxy substances that enhance cutaneous respiration and reduce evaporative water loss
Glands may produce toxins to act against predators and infection

42
Q

Why do captive amphibians contain little, if any toxin?

A

toxins are metabolised from their wild prey

43
Q

How can amphibian skin permeability be used in practice?

A

used to administer topical medications
soaking in shallow water aids rehydration

44
Q

What is special about fish epidermal cells?

A

capable of cell division at all levels
will migrate to cover any defect and help restore waterproof integrity during wound healing

45
Q

What cells are present in fish epidermis?

A

mucus-producing goblet cells
some have club cells which secrete alarm substances

46
Q

describe the anatomy of fish scales and the implication of this

A

scales are embedded in dermis and covered by layer of epidermis - loss of scales always damages skin leading to osmotic balance issues

47
Q

Label the fish skin

A

Jorge ENI (81 decks)

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