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Mammalian Cells and Tissues > Exocrine and Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Exocrine and Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gland?

A

a functional unit of cells that work together to create and release product

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2
Q

which type of gland secretes directly into the bloodstream?

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

which type of gland secretes into a ductal system?

A

exocrine

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4
Q

is the hypothalamus an exocrine gland?

A

no

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5
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

A

yes

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6
Q

are the thyroid and parathyroid glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

endocrine

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7
Q

what is the function of the thyroid?

A

produce thyroid hormone (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

produce calcitonin

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8
Q

what does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

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9
Q

what is the control centre of the endocrine system that controls all the hormones of the body?

A

the pituitary gland

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10
Q

what is the anterior pituitary known as?

A

adenohypophysis

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11
Q

what is the posterior pituitary known as?

A

neurohypophysis

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12
Q

what is the Adenohypohysis made of?

A
  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Pars intermedia
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13
Q

what is the neurohypophysis made of?

A
  • Pars nervosa
  • Median emminence
  • Infundibular stalk
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14
Q

what controls the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A

regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamic neuron

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15
Q

what are paracrine hormones?

A

hormones that effect nearby cells

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16
Q

what accounts for 75% of hypophyseal tissue?

A

pars distalis

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17
Q

what glandular cells are found in the pars distalis?

A

basophils, acidophils, chromophobes

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18
Q

what are all the hormones of the adenohypophysis made of?

A

protein or glycoprotein

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19
Q

what is the most dominant cell type in the pars distalis?

A

acidophils

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20
Q

what are the subtypes of acidophils and what do they secrete?

A

somatotrophs secrete growth hormone

mammotrophs secrete prolactin

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21
Q

what are the subtypes of basophils and what do they secrete?

A

Thyrotrophs produce thyroid stimulating hormone
Gonadotrophs produce FSH and LH
Corticotrophs (or adrenocorticolipotrophs) secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) and lipotropin (LPH).

22
Q

what does LH stimulate?

A

production of testosterone by Leydig cells in males in addition to late follicular maturation, oestrogen secretion and formation of corpus luteum in females

23
Q

what do chromophobe cells represent?

A

acidophil and basophilic cells in a dormant or recently degranulated stage, are weakly stained

24
Q

what does the neurohypophysis consist of?

A

unmyelinated nerve fibres derived from neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei and
pituicytes

25
Q

what are dilations of hypothalamic nerve fibres called?

A

herring bodies

26
Q

what hormones are secreted by the neurohypophysis?

A
  • Release-inhibiting and releasing factors, which regulate the activity of the adenohypophysis
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
27
Q

what does oxytocin stimulate?

A

the contraction of smooth muscle cell in the uterus and participates in the milk ejection reflex

28
Q

what does adh facillitate?

A

the concentration of urine in the kidneys and, thereby, the retention of water

29
Q

what surrounds the pineal body?

A

pia mater, which functions as its capsule and which sends connective tissue septa into the pineal body, subdividing it into lobules

30
Q

what are the cells of the pineal body?

A

pinealocytes and astrocytes

31
Q

what does the pineal body secrete?

A

melatonin

32
Q

what does the thyroid consist of?

A

rounded cysts, follicles, which are separated by scant interfollicular connective tissue

33
Q

what is the secretory product of the follicular cell of the thyroid?

A

colloid, which contain thyroxine and thriiodothyronine

34
Q

does the thyroid contain c cells?

A

yes

35
Q

what do thyroid hormones increase?

A

metabolic activity in almost all tissues and organs

36
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

decreases blood calcium concentration by inhibiting the resorption of bone (primarily by inhibiting osteoclast activity)

37
Q

where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

four small oval bodies located at the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

38
Q

what are the cell types found in the parathyroid gland?

A

chief cells and oxyphilic cells

39
Q

what do chief cells synthesize?

A

parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium levels

40
Q

what regulates the negative feedback loop of the release of calcitonin by c cells and parathyroid hormone by cheif cells?

A

blood calcium concentrations

41
Q

what do the adrenal glands consist of?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

42
Q

what are the three zones of the cortex?

A

the zona glomerulosa (accounting for about 15% of the cortical thickness),
the zona fasciculata (about 75%)
and the zona reticularis(about 10%)

43
Q

is the zona glomerulosa influenced by ACTH?

A

nope

44
Q

what hormones does the cortex produce?

A

steroids

45
Q

what do cortical cells contain?

A

large amounts of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets

46
Q

what are the types of corticosteroids?

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

47
Q

what is the function of aldosterone?

A

regulates the resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the tubules of the kidney

48
Q

what is the function of cortisol?

A

effects protein catabolism in almost all cells aside from liver cells, gluconeogenesis, glycogen storage, mobilisation of fat from adipocytes, anti-inflammatory effects, inhibition of allergic reactions

49
Q

where are sex hormones produced?

A

the zona reticularis of the cortex

50
Q

where are mineralocorticoids produced?

A

in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex

51
Q

is the adrenal medulla essential for life?

A

nah

Mammalian Cells and Tissues (16 decks)

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