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Midterm 2 - Physiology > Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 1 > Flashcards

Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pressure and touch are examples of what type of channel?

A

Mechanically gated channels

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2
Q

The influence of Neurotransmitter opens up what type of channel?

A

chemically gated channels

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3
Q

Sodium channel is an example of what type of channel?

A

voltage-gated channels

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4
Q

Which type of potential change has to use channels to make a potential change?

A

Action potential

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5
Q

Which type of potential change goes through the entire connection of the nerve?

A

Action potential

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6
Q

Which type of potential change does not decrease in strength?

A

Action potential

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7
Q

Which type of potential change Involves only a small portion of the total excitable cell membrane?

A

Action potential

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8
Q

which type of potential change is rapid, brief, and large changes occur

A

Action potential

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9
Q

when neurons meet at a synapse and transfer electrical current to make this potential

A

postsynaptic potentials

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10
Q

this type of graded potential happens when a receptor forms a junction/connection with a nerve and the receptor excites the nerve to produce potential

A

receptor potentials

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11
Q

this type of small graded potential that generates electric signal is produced when nerve meets a muscle at the neuromuscular junction

A

End plate potential (EPP)

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12
Q

this graded potential type keeps depolarizing and then do a long distant signal when it wants to produce a signal

A

pacemaker potentials

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13
Q

this type of graded potential sets its own pace

A

pacemaker potentials

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14
Q

smooth muscle exciting itself is an example of what graded potential

A

pacemaker potentials

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15
Q

Examples of graded potential

A
  1. Postsynaptic potentials
  2. Receptor potentials
  3. End-plate potentials
  4. Pacemaker potential

REPP

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16
Q

Does graded potential occur in small or large specialized regions of the membrane?

A

small regions

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17
Q

Decremental spread of graded potential is due to

A

leakage of ions which causes loss of current
also cytoplasmic resistance

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18
Q

which potential change never tracked the entire nerve membrane and has variable strength

A

graded potential

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19
Q

the higher the magnitude of stimulus the ________________the potential in graded potentials

A

longer

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20
Q

The local current produced by the graded potential is due to

A

the influx of sodium ions from the ECF or the efflux of potassium ions (K+) out of the cell.

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21
Q

Does the graded potential produce local current?

A

Yes

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22
Q

The magnitude of a graded potential depends directly on

A

the strength and /duration/magnitude of the triggering event such as stimulus

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23
Q

Which type of potential change has a short distance signal (go only a few mm across the nerve membrane)

A

Graded potential

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24
Q

what are the two kinds of potential change?

A

graded potential
action potential

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25
Q

Upward deflection and downward deflection cause an increase or decrease in potential.

A

upward - decrease
downward - increase

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26
Q

Are nerve cells negatively or positively polarized?

A

negatively

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27
Q

When the membrane becomes more polarized than at resting potential, it’s said to be ……….

A

hyperpolarization

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28
Q

when the membrane returns to resting potential after having been depolarized

A

Repolarization

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29
Q

When the membrane becomes less polarized than at resting potential

A

Depolarization

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30
Q

Any state where membrane potential is other than 0mV

A

Polarization

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31
Q

Are nerve and muscle tissue excitable tissues?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Are electrical signals critical to neural communication?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What’s the effect of the sodium-potassium (Na-K) pump on membrane potential?

A

unequal transportation of ion

34
Q

Is membrane potential separation of opposite charges across plasma membrane?

A

Yes

35
Q

How does membrane potential come back to rest?

A

By using the sodium-potassium (Na K) pump

36
Q

Membrane potential is due to the differences in ______ and ___________of what key ions?

A

concentration and permeability of sodium (1mol) and potassium ions (50-70 mmol)

37
Q

What excitable cells are membrane potential able to produce rapid, transient changes?

A

Nerve and muscle cells

38
Q

Are resting membrane potentials present in cells of non-excitable and excitable tissues when at rest?

A

Yes

39
Q

Which ion in the membrane potential is only present in ECF and moves only in desperate times (cant move unless forced to move)?

A

Chloride

40
Q

Which ion in the membrane potential is only present in the ICF, contributes to cell negativity(65mmols), and can’t move because it has large molecules?

A

Anions

41
Q

which ion contributes to more negativity of the cell and sits at 65mmols in the ICF in membrane potential?

A

Anions

42
Q

what are some other ions present in membrane potential and what fluid are they present?

A
  1. Chloride - present in ECF and only moves in desperate times.
  2. Bicarbonate (HCO3) - mostly present in ECF and a tiny amount in ICF.
  3. Anions are only present in ICF
43
Q

Membrane potential is measured In

A

mV millivolts = 1/1000V

44
Q

what are ions involved in membrane potential to bring cell back to equilibrium and in what fluid and in what ratio?

A

Na+ Sodium ion in ECF (ratio: 3 )

K+ Potassium in ICF (ratio: 2)

45
Q

Do all cells even plants have membrane potential

A

Yes

46
Q

what is membrane potential?

A

its the difference in charge between the ICF and ECF (used to produce signals )

47
Q

which ions in the membrane potential is permeable?

A

Potassium ions

48
Q

In what forms can Anions be?

A

Protein, carbohydrates, Amino acids

49
Q

What are ICF and ECF?

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF):: fluid found inside the cells, within the cell membrane. contains ions, proteins, and other molecules necessary for cell function. makes up about two-thirds of the body water.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF): fluid found outside the cells, and includes fluid in the interstitial spaces, plasma (the liquid component of blood), and other extracellular compartments. contains ions, nutrients, gases, and other substances circulating throughout the body and bathe the cells. ECF comprises about one-third of the body’s total water content.

50
Q

Are there any other ions that contribute to membrane potential?

A
  1. Chloride
  2. Bicarbonate
  3. Anions
51
Q

Does sodium-potassium pump transport equal or unequal distribution and what’s the ratio?

A

unequal distribution and 3:2 ratio (3 sodium and 2 potassium)

52
Q

Are the nerve cells producing membrane potential while one is asleep?

A

Yes, nerve cells are still slightly excitable even while asleep,that’s why we can hear sounds while asleep

53
Q

Nerve cells communicate in 2 ways: Graded potential and Action potential, which one emits long and short-distance signals respectively?

A

Graded: Short-distance signal
Action: Long-distance signal

54
Q

Graded potential(Short distance signal) depends on _________ and ___________ to produce potentials.

A

The magnitude of the stimulus and the strength

55
Q

Why is there a decremental spread in Graded Potential?

A
  1. Due to current leaks: because potassium is permeable, current leaks out causing the magnitude to decrease.
  2. Cytoplasm: is not a good conductor of electricity resistance.
56
Q

What is the purpose of Graded potential?

A

production of local current

57
Q

What produces the local current in Graded potential?

A

Due to the influx of sodium ions from the ECF.

58
Q

What is a synapse?

A

its the gap between 2 nerves.

59
Q

Which type of graded potential happens in the internal organs, gastrointestinal tract (G.I), urinary tract etc

A

Pacemaker potential

60
Q

the minimum mV needed for a full action potential is what, and what’s the value?

A

its called Threshold.

value is -50mV

61
Q

Since Action potential is brief and rapid change, what is the value of this rapid change?

A

Rapid change is 100mV

62
Q

Action potential is equal to ____________mV

A

+100mV

63
Q

Permeability change of sodium ions during the rising phase is about ______ times?

A

about 600 times more permeable during the rising phase

64
Q

Permeability change of potassium ions during the falling phase is about _________ times?

A

300 times more permeable during the falling phase

65
Q

During hyperpolarization, Potassium does what?

A

Potassium is effluxing

66
Q

The process where sodium ions flow into ICF, and reverses the membrane potential from -70mV to +30mV is called

A

Action Potential

67
Q

What is seen as an amplified change and an example of positive feedback?

A

Action potential

68
Q

A good example of positive feedback is

A

process of Giving birth to a child

69
Q

The birth of the child which is seen as the opening of the potassium channels ________ the cycle

A

Stops the cycle

70
Q

Double gating is only for what channel?

A

Sodium channels

71
Q

The first gate of sodium channel that is large is called

A

Activation gate

72
Q

The second gate of sodium channel is called

A

Ball and chain gate, also known as the inactivation gate

73
Q

What stops the positive feedback cycle of action potential?

A

closing of the inactivation gate and the opening of the potassium channel

74
Q

What triggers the opening of the potassium channels?

A

closing of the inactivation gate of the sodium channel

75
Q

At rest, ___________ gate is open/closed, and _________ is open/closed. while at Peak point, ___________ gate is open and _______________gate is closed.

A

At Rest: Activation gate closed, inactivation gate closed but capable of opening.
At Peak Point (Depolarization): Activation gate open, inactivation gate closed.

76
Q

What stops the positive feedback? and why the delay?

A

the opening of the potassium channel

delay bcos the inactivation gate has to close first

77
Q

Undiminished movement of the action potential means what?

A

it starts at a specialized region which doesn’t die out, it goes up and keeps exciting all the regions in its route until a full action potential happens

78
Q

What’s the directional movements of action potential?

A

Uni-directional/one-directional/ forward movements only - no backwards or side ways movement.

79
Q

how does the action potential not go backwards?

A

it follows the rule of refractive period;

80
Q

What do you call the stubbornness of a nerve membrane?

A

Refractive period

81
Q

when there is only one action potential happening, is known as

A

Absolute refractory period

82
Q

Where more than one action potential can be generated with stronger stimulus, its called

A

Relative refractory period.

Midterm 2 - Physiology (10 decks)

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