Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 3

Question 1

Which is more water-soluble or fat-soluble?
hydrophilic or lipophilic hormones

Answer 1

Hydrophilic is water-soluble
Lipophilic fat-soluble

Question 2

Estrogen and insulin are examples of which chemical messenger in the body?

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

Which chemical messenger is secreted by the endocrine gland and must be near a blood vessel?

Answer 3

Hormones

Question 4

The difference in charge from the ICF to the ECF is called?

Answer 4

Membrane potential

Question 5

The neurocrine that release hormones into the bloodstream. travel thru the blood to reach their target cells or organs and they bind to specific receptors, What are they called?

Answer 5

Neurohormone

Question 6

The type of neurocrine that reaches the brain to send a message and act in a much longer time than the neurotransmitters are called?

Answer 6

Neuromodulators (neuropeptides)

Question 7

Which chemical messenger is secreted by a nerve cell?

Answer 7

Neurocrine

Question 7

The type of neurocrine secretion that is very rapid/fast and it secretes to a target cell (muscle)?

Answer 7

Neurotransmitter

Question 7

The chemical messenger that activates the same cell that creates it (self exciting)

Answer 7

Autocrine

Question 7

The chemical messenger secreted by one cell but excites neighboring cells is called?

Answer 7

Paracrine

Question 8

Immune response
Fever production
Embryo development
inflammatory response
are all associated with which type of chemical messenger?

Answer 8

Cytokines

Question 8

Fever is spread by

Question 8

What is Erythropoietin?

Answer 8

used for Red blood cell production

Question 9

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Erythropoietin are examples of this type of chemical messenger?

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

Cholecystokinin CCK is an example of this type of chemical messenger. it reaches the brain and satiety center

Answer 10

Neuromodulator

Question 11

Acetylcholine is an example of what type of chemical messenger

Answer 11

Neurotransmitters

Question 12

Histamine is an example of what type of chemical messenger

Answer 12

Autocrine and Paracrine

Question 13

5 types of chemical messengers are

Answer 13

1. autocrine
2. paracrine
3. neurocrine
4. hormone
5. cytokines

Question 14

Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory impulses while leaving excitatory inputs unchecked.
true or false

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Tetanus toxin prevents the release of

Answer 15

inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA affecting skeletal muscles

Question 15

Tetanus toxin gives rise to lockjaw (also known as trismus)
True or false

Answer 15

true

Question 16

When Levodopa crosses _________ and is converted into dopamine.

Answer 16

BBB blood-brain barrier.

Question 17

What drug is used in the Treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 17

Levodopa

Question 18

Parkinson’s disease is a result of dopamine deficiency in what region?

Answer 18

Basal Nuclei

Question 18

The region of the Brain involved in controlling complex movement?

Answer 18

Basal nuclei

Question 18

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters/dopamine in the brain T or F

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Cocaine causes the accumulation of dopamine in the

Answer 19

Synaptic cleft

Question 19

Parkinson's disease is a result of a deficiency of __________ in the basal nuclei.

Answer 19

Dopamine

Question 20

Drugs/disease/infection that alter synaptic transmission

Answer 20

1. cocaine 2. Parkinson's disease 3. Tetanus toxin

Question 21

if EX1 is stimulated a second time after the first one has died off and does not reach the threshold what is the result?

Answer 21

No summation

Question 22

When excitatory and Inhibitory synapses are activated simultaneously what is the result?

Answer 22

they cancel each other out

Question 23

EX.1 + EX.2 when 2 or more EPSPs are initiated simultaneously it brings the cell to the threshold that results in

Answer 23

Spatial summation

Question 24

EX.1 + EX.1 if EX.1 is stimulated a second time before the first EPSP dies off, the second EPSP will add onto the first one which brings the postsynaptic cell to threshold and results in

Answer 24

Temporal summation

Question 25

What is the neural summation?

Answer 25

when you add up EPSP and IPSP excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potential at the same time.

Question 26

Neural summation produces

Answer 26

GPSP - grand postsynaptic potential

Question 27

Which synapse makes the cell not reach a threshold?

Answer 27

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Question 28

which synapse causes a chloride influx making it more negative

Answer 28

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

Question 29

which synapse causes leakage of K (K efflux) out of the neuron

Answer 29

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Question 30

which synapse causes depolarization in the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 30

excitatory post-synaptic potential

Question 31

which synapse excites the next neuron and causes sodium channels to open

Answer 31

excitatory post-synaptic potential

Question 32

which synapse keeps the msg going

Answer 32

excitatory post-synaptic potential

Question 33

which synapse becomes more hyperpolarized inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 33

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Question 34

Which synapses keep going toward the threshold?

Answer 34

excitatory post-synaptic potential

Question 35

Two types of synapses

Answer 35

excitatory and inhibitory

Question 36

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes these calcium channels to open. This influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers the release of _________ from ________ into the _______

Answer 36

Neurotransmitters synaptic vesicles ...into the...... synaptic cleft,

Question 37

Axon terminals contain chemically-gated calcium channels True or False

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Neurotransmitters then bind to receptors in

Answer 38

postsynaptic neuron

Question 39

Synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters are released by _____________

Answer 39

Exocytosis

Question 40

a neuron whose action potentials are propagated away from the synapse is?

Answer 40

postsynaptic neuron

Question 41

Which neuron receives the msg?

Answer 41

postsynaptic neuron

Question 42

Space between the presynaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron is called

Answer 42

synaptic cleft

Question 43

What immediately mobilizes the neuron to open the synaptic vesicles and enter the synaptic cleft

Answer 43

Neurotransmitter

Question 44

Neurotransmitters are released through

Answer 44

exocytosis

Question 45

what stores neurotransmitters?

Answer 45

Synaptic vesicles

Question 46

What opens on the presynaptic neuron and becomes calcium channels, calcium gets in and floods the axon terminal.

Answer 46

synaptic knob

Question 47

What contains synaptic vesicles?

Answer 47

synaptic knob

Question 48

The neuron that brings the message (passing it to another neuron) and it's before the junction is called what?

Answer 48

presynaptic neuron

Question 49

Junctions with other neurons are called

Answer 49

synapse

Question 50

What are synapses?

Answer 50

Junctions with other neurons.

Question 51

what are the causes of multiple sclerosis?

Answer 51

- Herpes #6 infection - Environmental (causing myelin to be lost) - Herpes #4 (EBV virus)

Question 52

What is the demyelination of the neuron?

Answer 52

It's a Demyelinating disease Examples: 1. Multiple sclerosis (patients lose myelin) 2. Loss of vision (early onset or late) 3. Muscle weakness, wheelchair-bound 4. skeletal muscles that are supposed to be myelinated are failing