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Midterm 2 - Physiology > Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 3 > Flashcards

Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is more water-soluble or fat-soluble?
hydrophilic or lipophilic hormones

A

Hydrophilic is water-soluble
Lipophilic fat-soluble

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2
Q

Estrogen and insulin are examples of which chemical messenger in the body?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Which chemical messenger is secreted by the endocrine gland and must be near a blood vessel?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

The difference in charge from the ICF to the ECF is called?

A

Membrane potential

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5
Q

The neurocrine that release hormones into the bloodstream. travel thru the blood to reach their target cells or organs and they bind to specific receptors, What are they called?

A

Neurohormone

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6
Q

The type of neurocrine that reaches the brain to send a message and act in a much longer time than the neurotransmitters are called?

A

Neuromodulators (neuropeptides)

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7
Q

Which chemical messenger is secreted by a nerve cell?

A

Neurocrine

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7
Q

The type of neurocrine secretion that is very rapid/fast and it secretes to a target cell (muscle)?

A

Neurotransmitter

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7
Q

The chemical messenger that activates the same cell that creates it (self exciting)

A

Autocrine

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7
Q

The chemical messenger secreted by one cell but excites neighboring cells is called?

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

Immune response
Fever production
Embryo development
inflammatory response
are all associated with which type of chemical messenger?

A

Cytokines

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8
Q

Fever is spread by

A
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8
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A

used for Red blood cell production

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9
Q

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Erythropoietin are examples of this type of chemical messenger?

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

Cholecystokinin CCK is an example of this type of chemical messenger. it reaches the brain and satiety center

A

Neuromodulator

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11
Q

Acetylcholine is an example of what type of chemical messenger

A

Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Histamine is an example of what type of chemical messenger

A

Autocrine and Paracrine

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13
Q

5 types of chemical messengers are

A
  1. autocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. neurocrine
  4. hormone
  5. cytokines
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14
Q

Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory impulses while leaving excitatory inputs unchecked.
true or false

A

True

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15
Q

Tetanus toxin prevents the release of

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA affecting skeletal muscles

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15
Q

Tetanus toxin gives rise to lockjaw (also known as trismus)
True or false

A

true

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16
Q

When Levodopa crosses _________ and is converted into dopamine.

A

BBB blood-brain barrier.

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17
Q

What drug is used in the Treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Levodopa

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18
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a result of dopamine deficiency in what region?

A

Basal Nuclei

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18
Q

The region of the Brain involved in controlling complex movement?

A

Basal nuclei

18
Q

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters/dopamine in the brain
T or F

A

True

19
Q

Cocaine causes the accumulation of dopamine in the

A

Synaptic cleft

19
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a result of a deficiency of __________ in the basal nuclei.

A

Dopamine

20
Q

Drugs/disease/infection that alter synaptic transmission

A
  1. cocaine
  2. Parkinson’s disease
  3. Tetanus toxin
21
Q

if EX1 is stimulated a second time after the first one has died off and does not reach the threshold what is the result?

A

No summation

22
Q

When excitatory and Inhibitory synapses are activated simultaneously what is the result?

A

they cancel each other out

23
Q

EX.1 + EX.2
when 2 or more EPSPs are initiated simultaneously it brings the cell to the threshold that results in

A

Spatial summation

24
Q

EX.1 + EX.1
if EX.1 is stimulated a second time before the first EPSP dies off, the second EPSP will add onto the first one which brings the postsynaptic cell to threshold and results in

A

Temporal summation

25
Q

What is the neural summation?

A

when you add up EPSP and IPSP excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potential at the same time.

26
Q

Neural summation produces

A

GPSP - grand postsynaptic potential

27
Q

Which synapse makes the cell not reach a threshold?

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

28
Q

which synapse causes a chloride influx making it more negative

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

29
Q

which synapse causes leakage of K (K efflux) out of the neuron

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

30
Q

which synapse causes depolarization in the post-synaptic neuron?

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

31
Q

which synapse excites the next neuron and causes sodium channels to open

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

32
Q

which synapse keeps the msg going

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

33
Q

which synapse becomes more hyperpolarized
inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

34
Q

Which synapses keep going toward the threshold?

A

excitatory post-synaptic potential

35
Q

Two types of synapses

A

excitatory and inhibitory

36
Q

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes these calcium channels to open. This influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers the release of _________ from ________ into the _______

A

Neurotransmitters

synaptic vesicles …into the…… synaptic cleft,

37
Q

Axon terminals contain chemically-gated calcium channels
True or False

A

True

38
Q

Neurotransmitters then bind to receptors in

A

postsynaptic neuron

39
Q

Synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters are released by _____________

A

Exocytosis

40
Q

a neuron whose action potentials are propagated away from the synapse is?

A

postsynaptic neuron

41
Q

Which neuron receives the msg?

A

postsynaptic neuron

42
Q

Space between the presynaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron is called

A

synaptic cleft

43
Q

What immediately mobilizes the neuron to open the synaptic vesicles and enter the synaptic cleft

A

Neurotransmitter

44
Q

Neurotransmitters are released through

A

exocytosis

45
Q

what stores neurotransmitters?

A

Synaptic vesicles

46
Q

What opens on the presynaptic neuron and becomes calcium channels, calcium gets in and floods the axon terminal.

A

synaptic knob

47
Q

What contains synaptic vesicles?

A

synaptic knob

48
Q

The neuron that brings the message (passing it to another neuron)
and it’s before the junction is called what?

A

presynaptic neuron

49
Q

Junctions with other neurons are called

A

synapse

50
Q

What are synapses?

A

Junctions with other neurons.

51
Q

what are the causes of multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Herpes #6 infection
  • Environmental (causing myelin to be lost)
  • Herpes #4 (EBV virus)
52
Q

What is the demyelination of the neuron?

A

It’s a Demyelinating disease
Examples:
1. Multiple sclerosis (patients lose myelin)
2. Loss of vision (early onset or late)
3. Muscle weakness, wheelchair-bound
4. skeletal muscles that are supposed to be myelinated are failing

Midterm 2 - Physiology (10 decks)

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