Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 3 Flashcards
Which is more water-soluble or fat-soluble?
hydrophilic or lipophilic hormones
Hydrophilic is water-soluble
Lipophilic fat-soluble
Estrogen and insulin are examples of which chemical messenger in the body?
Hormones
Which chemical messenger is secreted by the endocrine gland and must be near a blood vessel?
Hormones
The difference in charge from the ICF to the ECF is called?
Membrane potential
The neurocrine that release hormones into the bloodstream. travel thru the blood to reach their target cells or organs and they bind to specific receptors, What are they called?
Neurohormone
The type of neurocrine that reaches the brain to send a message and act in a much longer time than the neurotransmitters are called?
Neuromodulators (neuropeptides)
Which chemical messenger is secreted by a nerve cell?
Neurocrine
The type of neurocrine secretion that is very rapid/fast and it secretes to a target cell (muscle)?
Neurotransmitter
The chemical messenger that activates the same cell that creates it (self exciting)
Autocrine
The chemical messenger secreted by one cell but excites neighboring cells is called?
Paracrine
Immune response
Fever production
Embryo development
inflammatory response
are all associated with which type of chemical messenger?
Cytokines
Fever is spread by
What is Erythropoietin?
used for Red blood cell production
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Erythropoietin are examples of this type of chemical messenger?
Cytokines
Cholecystokinin CCK is an example of this type of chemical messenger. it reaches the brain and satiety center
Neuromodulator
Acetylcholine is an example of what type of chemical messenger
Neurotransmitters
Histamine is an example of what type of chemical messenger
Autocrine and Paracrine
5 types of chemical messengers are
- autocrine
- paracrine
- neurocrine
- hormone
- cytokines
Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory impulses while leaving excitatory inputs unchecked.
true or false
True
Tetanus toxin prevents the release of
inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA affecting skeletal muscles
Tetanus toxin gives rise to lockjaw (also known as trismus)
True or false
true
When Levodopa crosses _________ and is converted into dopamine.
BBB blood-brain barrier.
What drug is used in the Treatment of Parkinson’s disease?
Levodopa
Parkinson’s disease is a result of dopamine deficiency in what region?
Basal Nuclei
The region of the Brain involved in controlling complex movement?
Basal nuclei
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitters/dopamine in the brain
T or F
True
Cocaine causes the accumulation of dopamine in the
Synaptic cleft
Parkinson’s disease is a result of a deficiency of __________ in the basal nuclei.
Dopamine
Drugs/disease/infection that alter synaptic transmission
- cocaine
- Parkinson’s disease
- Tetanus toxin
if EX1 is stimulated a second time after the first one has died off and does not reach the threshold what is the result?
No summation
When excitatory and Inhibitory synapses are activated simultaneously what is the result?
they cancel each other out
EX.1 + EX.2
when 2 or more EPSPs are initiated simultaneously it brings the cell to the threshold that results in
Spatial summation
EX.1 + EX.1
if EX.1 is stimulated a second time before the first EPSP dies off, the second EPSP will add onto the first one which brings the postsynaptic cell to threshold and results in
Temporal summation
What is the neural summation?
when you add up EPSP and IPSP excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potential at the same time.
Neural summation produces
GPSP - grand postsynaptic potential
Which synapse makes the cell not reach a threshold?
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
which synapse causes a chloride influx making it more negative
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
which synapse causes leakage of K (K efflux) out of the neuron
inhibitory post-synaptic potential
which synapse causes depolarization in the post-synaptic neuron?
excitatory post-synaptic potential
which synapse excites the next neuron and causes sodium channels to open
excitatory post-synaptic potential
which synapse keeps the msg going
excitatory post-synaptic potential
which synapse becomes more hyperpolarized
inhibitory or excitatory?
inhibitory post-synaptic potential
Which synapses keep going toward the threshold?
excitatory post-synaptic potential
Two types of synapses
excitatory and inhibitory
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes these calcium channels to open. This influx of calcium ions into the axon terminal triggers the release of _________ from ________ into the _______
Neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicles …into the…… synaptic cleft,
Axon terminals contain chemically-gated calcium channels
True or False
True
Neurotransmitters then bind to receptors in
postsynaptic neuron
Synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters are released by _____________
Exocytosis
a neuron whose action potentials are propagated away from the synapse is?
postsynaptic neuron
Which neuron receives the msg?
postsynaptic neuron
Space between the presynaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron is called
synaptic cleft
What immediately mobilizes the neuron to open the synaptic vesicles and enter the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are released through
exocytosis
what stores neurotransmitters?
Synaptic vesicles
What opens on the presynaptic neuron and becomes calcium channels, calcium gets in and floods the axon terminal.
synaptic knob
What contains synaptic vesicles?
synaptic knob
The neuron that brings the message (passing it to another neuron)
and it’s before the junction is called what?
presynaptic neuron
Junctions with other neurons are called
synapse
What are synapses?
Junctions with other neurons.
what are the causes of multiple sclerosis?
- Herpes #6 infection
- Environmental (causing myelin to be lost)
- Herpes #4 (EBV virus)
What is the demyelination of the neuron?
It’s a Demyelinating disease
Examples:
1. Multiple sclerosis (patients lose myelin)
2. Loss of vision (early onset or late)
3. Muscle weakness, wheelchair-bound
4. skeletal muscles that are supposed to be myelinated are failing
