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Midterm 2 - Physiology > Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 2 > Flashcards

Excitable Tissues/Neuron signalling part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the larger the diameter of myelin the faster the conduction
true or false

A

true

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2
Q

Which of these ( myelinated or unmyelinated fibers) is the messengers in digestive tracts at 0.7m/sec

A

unmyelinated fibers

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3
Q

Are myelinated or unmyelinated fibers the messengers in skeletal muscles at 120m/sec

A

myelinated

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4
Q

Saltatory conduction uses less energy cos it doesn’t have to bring the ion back
true or false

A

true

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5
Q

Myelin covers what region?

A

Axon Regions

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6
Q

Myelin is made up of a combination of

A

protein fat and lipid

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7
Q

myelin is primarily composed of

A

Lipids

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8
Q

myelin is formed by ________________ in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

myelin is formed by __________________ in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

myelinated fibers create a node of what?

A

Ranvier

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11
Q

myelinated fibers conduct impulses how many times faster?

A

50 times faster

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12
Q

Which propagation type is it when impulse jumps over sections of the fiber?

A

saltatory conduction

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13
Q

Which propagation type has reduced use of the sodium-potassium pump, so less energy is produced?

A

Saltatory conduction

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14
Q

Action potential in this propagation type spreads along every portion of the membrane. and occurs only in unmyelinated fibers?

A

Contiguous conduction

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15
Q

which propagation types does each region have to generate its own potential action?

A

Contiguous conduction

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16
Q

which propagation type is in unmyelinated fibers and which is in myelinated?

A

Unmyelinated - contiguous conduction
Myelinated - saltatory conduction

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17
Q

Which propagation type uses more energy and which uses less energy?

A

contiguous conduction uses more energy.

saltatory uses less energy.

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18
Q

What are the two types of action potential propagation?

A

contiguous and saltatory

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19
Q

The region of the neuron that releases chemical messengers that simultaneously influence other cells with which they come into close association is called?

A

Axon terminal

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20
Q

The first portion of the axon; the region of the cell body from which the axon starts?

A

axon hillock

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21
Q

Which part of the neuron is rich in sodium-potassium channel/ions?

A

Axon hillock

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22
Q

The messaging part of the neuron

A

Axon

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23
Q

Side branches of axon are called?

A

collaterals

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24
Q

A button-like structure where action potential stops here

A

axon terminal

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25
Q

The long skinny part of the neuron

A

conducting zone

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26
Q

What is the output zone of the neuron?

A

axon terminals

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27
Q

The neuron trigger zone and its where the action potential starts

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

The part that conducts action potentials in an undiminishing fashion often over long distances is known as

A

conduction zone

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29
Q

The part where action potentials are initiated is called

A

Trigger zone

30
Q

The part where incoming signals from other neurons are received is called

A

Input zone

31
Q

Are dendrites connected to the cell body?

A

yes

32
Q

Where is the input zone also known as tree branches and is the location where the impulse is collected by the neuron?

A

Dendrites

33
Q

the cell body is 1/10th of the entire neuron/nerve cell

A

Yes

34
Q

What holds the nucleus of the neuron?

A

Cell body

35
Q

What are the basic part of a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell bodies
  3. Axon
36
Q

Action potentials are propagated from the _______ to the ______

A

from Axon hillock to Axon terminals

37
Q

What are the consequences of refractory periods?

A
  1. all or no principles
  2. unidirectional propagation (forward movement) of action potentials
38
Q

Is a refractory period marked by decreased or increased excitability types?

A

Decreased

39
Q

in this refractory period, sodium gates are closed and few potassium channels are still opened

A

relative

40
Q

this refractory period allows for a second action potential to be generated with a stronger stimulus

A

relative

41
Q

this refractory period spans the last part of repolarization and hyperpolarization phase

A

Relative

42
Q

this refractory period spans all of repolarization and depolarization phase

A

Absolute

43
Q

Sodium channels are closed and potassium channels are opened in this refractory period

A

Absolute

44
Q

which refractory period stops the membrane from making action potential when one action potential is being made?

A

Absolute

45
Q

Two types of refractory periods are

A

Absolute and Relative

46
Q

The period when the cells won’t allow any action potential to be made backwards

  • period of time following an action potential
  • when the cell becomes very stubborn
A

Refractory period

47
Q

In restoring the concentration gradients which are disrupted by action potential, Sodium(Na) and Potassium(K) which is pumped into ICF and ECF respectively.

A

Sodium is ECF
Potassium is ICF

48
Q

what gradually restores the concentration gradients disrupted by the action potentials?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

49
Q

Which gate closes at the peak to allow for delayed opening of the potassium channels?

A

ball and chain gate

50
Q

when the activation gate of action potential opens, does it allow for an increase or decrease of sodium permeability to reach the peak?

A

Increase of Sodium (Na)

51
Q

Does delayed opening of the potassium channel at the peak, allow for full action potential?

A

Yes

52
Q

what is the inactivation gate of the action potential?

A

Ball and chain gate

53
Q

Which potential change type involves double gating of the sodium channels

A

Action potentials

54
Q

Which potential change has the role of a positive feedback cycle that allows it to keep climbing till it reaches the peak?

A

Action potential

55
Q

Which is considered as a domino effect, action, or graded potential?

A

Action potential

56
Q

When action potential reaches threshold, the flow of Sodium ions into the ICF reverses the membrane potential from -70mV to

A

+30mV

57
Q

How many milliseconds does the action potential take in total?

A

1 millisecond
0.5 to climb up
and
0.5 to climb down

58
Q

Which potential change does not decrease in strength?

A

Action potential

59
Q

Repolarization is the rising or failing phase of action potential?

A

falling phase

60
Q

The falling stage of action potential is due to

A

The efflux of potassium is 300 times more permeable

61
Q

Depolarization of action potential is due to

A

permeability of Na+ sodium influx
(sodium na+ is 600 times more permeable)

62
Q

Is depolarization the rising or failing phase of action potential

A

Rising phase

63
Q

Which potential change type has to have a threshold potential of -50mV.

If not what happens?

A

Action potential

if it’s not at -50mV which is the minimum needed for a full action potential, it will die down and become a graded potential.

64
Q

What type of potential changes used all the electrical states to create a spike +30(the peak )

A

Action potential

65
Q

What channel opens up under the influence of temperature change?

A

Temperature gated channels

66
Q

What channel opens up when you apply pressure or touch?

A

Mechanically gated Channel

67
Q

What channel opens up under the influence of neurotransmitters eg acetylcholine (Ach)?

A

Chemically gated channels

68
Q

In what channel does excited ion movement trigger the gate to open (when there is a change in membrane voltage)

A

voltage-gated channel

69
Q

Types of channels for action potential change?

A
  1. Voltage-gated channel
  2. Chemically gated channel
  3. Mechanically gated channel
  4. Temperature-gated channels
70
Q

Heat/cold is an example of what type of channel?

A

Temperature gated channels

Midterm 2 - Physiology (10 decks)

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