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Biology OCR A - A-level > Exchange and transport > Flashcards

Exchange and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Do smaller animals have a higher or lower SA:V than larger animals?

A

Higher

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2
Q

What does multicellular animals having a higher metabolic rate mean?

A

They use up oxygen and glucose faster

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3
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for improved efficiency?

A

Cells and roots grow long hairs, giving the roots a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption of water

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4
Q

What are the three special features of exchange surfaces?

A

Large surface area, thin and good blood supply

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5
Q

What two examples have good blood supply?

A

Alveoli and fish gills

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6
Q

What path does air follow when breathed in?

A

Enters the trachea, splits down the two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung), each bronchus branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles, the ends of the bronchioles there are alveoli.

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7
Q

What do goblet cells do and why?

A

Secrete mucus to trap microorganisms and dust particles inhaled in the air

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8
Q

What do cilia do and why?

A

Beat the mucus upwards away from the alveoli to prevent lung infection

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9
Q

What do elastic fibres do and why?

A

Stretch in inhalation and recoil during exhalation to help push air out

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10
Q

What does smooth muscle do and why?

A

Allows the diameter to be controlled so during exercise the tubes are wider (muscles relaxed) so air can move in and out easier

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11
Q

What do rings of cartilage do and why?

A

Provide support in the trachea and bronchi to stop them from collapsing

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12
Q

What is the word for breathing in?

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

What is the word for breathing out?

A

Expiration

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14
Q

Describe the moments of the surrounding structures during inspiration.

A

External intercostal and diaphragm contracts. Rib cage moves up and out. Diaphragm flattens. Thorax volume increases. Lung pressure decreases. Air flows in.

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15
Q

What sort of process is inspiration and why?

A

Active because it requires energy

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16
Q

Describe the movements of the surrounding structures during expiration.

A

Intercostal and diaphragm relaxes. Rib cage moves down and in. Diaphragm becomes curved again. Thorax volume decreases. Air pressure increases. Air moves out.

17
Q

What sort of process is expiration and why?

A

Passive process because it doesn’t require energy

18
Q

What is the tidal volume (TV)?

A

Volume of air in each breath

19
Q

What is the usual title volume of each breath?

A

0.4dm3

20
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out

21
Q

What is the breathing rate?

A

How many breaths are taken

22
Q

What is oxygen consumption or oxygen uptake?

A

The rate of which an organism uses up oxygen

23
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A machine that can give readings on tidal, volume, vital capacity, breathing rate, and oxygen uptake

24
Q

How does the spirometer work?

A

The oxygen filled chamber with movable liquid moves up and down, and creates a spirometer trace on a rotating drum, when the person breathes in and out

25
Q

What does soda lime do in a spirometer?

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide

26
Q

How is the fish adapted to the lower concentration of oxygen in water?

A

Countercurrent system

27
Q

Describe the structure of the gills on a fish

A

Each gill has thin branches called gill filaments that I supported by gill arch containing blood vessels

28
Q

Which ways do the blood and water flow in a fish?

A

Water right, blood left

29
Q

What structure does the water live from on a fish?

A

Opperculum

30
Q

What is the mouth of a fish called?

A

Buccal cavity

31
Q

What does countercurrent system do?

A

Maintains a large concentration gradient between the water and the blood. Concentration of oxygen in the water is always higher than the blood so as much oxygen can diffuse as possible.

32
Q

What are the pores on an insect surface called?

A

Spiracles

33
Q

Describe the path of oxygen in an insect.

A

Through the spiracles, down the trachea and into the tracheoles which have fluid that dissolves oxygen

34
Q

How do insects change the volume of their bodies to move air in and out? Give an example

A

Rhythmic abdominal movements. Large insects while flying use their wing movements to pump their thoraxes

Biology OCR A - A-level (24 decks)

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