Exchange and transport Flashcards
Do smaller animals have a higher or lower SA:V than larger animals?
Higher
What does multicellular animals having a higher metabolic rate mean?
They use up oxygen and glucose faster
How are root hair cells adapted for improved efficiency?
Cells and roots grow long hairs, giving the roots a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption of water
What are the three special features of exchange surfaces?
Large surface area, thin and good blood supply
What two examples have good blood supply?
Alveoli and fish gills
What path does air follow when breathed in?
Enters the trachea, splits down the two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung), each bronchus branches off into smaller tubes called bronchioles, the ends of the bronchioles there are alveoli.
What do goblet cells do and why?
Secrete mucus to trap microorganisms and dust particles inhaled in the air
What do cilia do and why?
Beat the mucus upwards away from the alveoli to prevent lung infection
What do elastic fibres do and why?
Stretch in inhalation and recoil during exhalation to help push air out
What does smooth muscle do and why?
Allows the diameter to be controlled so during exercise the tubes are wider (muscles relaxed) so air can move in and out easier
What do rings of cartilage do and why?
Provide support in the trachea and bronchi to stop them from collapsing
What is the word for breathing in?
Inspiration
What is the word for breathing out?
Expiration
Describe the moments of the surrounding structures during inspiration.
External intercostal and diaphragm contracts. Rib cage moves up and out. Diaphragm flattens. Thorax volume increases. Lung pressure decreases. Air flows in.
What sort of process is inspiration and why?
Active because it requires energy
Describe the movements of the surrounding structures during expiration.
Intercostal and diaphragm relaxes. Rib cage moves down and in. Diaphragm becomes curved again. Thorax volume decreases. Air pressure increases. Air moves out.
What sort of process is expiration and why?
Passive process because it doesn’t require energy
What is the tidal volume (TV)?
Volume of air in each breath
What is the usual title volume of each breath?
0.4dm3
What is the vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in or out
What is the breathing rate?
How many breaths are taken
What is oxygen consumption or oxygen uptake?
The rate of which an organism uses up oxygen
What is a spirometer?
A machine that can give readings on tidal, volume, vital capacity, breathing rate, and oxygen uptake
How does the spirometer work?
The oxygen filled chamber with movable liquid moves up and down, and creates a spirometer trace on a rotating drum, when the person breathes in and out
What does soda lime do in a spirometer?
Absorbs carbon dioxide
How is the fish adapted to the lower concentration of oxygen in water?
Countercurrent system
Describe the structure of the gills on a fish
Each gill has thin branches called gill filaments that I supported by gill arch containing blood vessels
Which ways do the blood and water flow in a fish?
Water right, blood left
What structure does the water live from on a fish?
Opperculum
What is the mouth of a fish called?
Buccal cavity
What does countercurrent system do?
Maintains a large concentration gradient between the water and the blood. Concentration of oxygen in the water is always higher than the blood so as much oxygen can diffuse as possible.
What are the pores on an insect surface called?
Spiracles
Describe the path of oxygen in an insect.
Through the spiracles, down the trachea and into the tracheoles which have fluid that dissolves oxygen
How do insects change the volume of their bodies to move air in and out? Give an example
Rhythmic abdominal movements. Large insects while flying use their wing movements to pump their thoraxes
