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Biology OCR A - A-level > 2- Biological molecules > Flashcards

2- Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Partial negative charge on one side (O) and partial positive on the other (H)

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2
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1 degrees.

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3
Q

What is latent heat?

A

Amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram of solid water (ice) at 0°C to liquid water at 0°C

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4
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Attraction between molecules of the same type

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5
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Many substances in biological reactions ionic so attracted to charges of water - Totally surrounded by water molecules

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6
Q

What is water when solid? What attributes?

A

Ice. Less dense as ice as molecules held further apart - forms 4 hydrogen bonds ,making a lattice shape

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7
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecule made up of smaller molecules called monomers

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8
Q

What are monomers?

A

A molecule that can react with other monomers to form a polymer

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9
Q

Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6C. What is it?

A

Hexose monosaccharide

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10
Q

Which way round is the end bonds of alpha glucose?

A

H at top OH at bottom

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11
Q

Which way round is the end bonds of beta glucose?

A

OH at top H at bottom

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12
Q

Why is glucose soluble?

A

So it can be easily transported for energy consumption (bonds contain energy)

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13
Q

Ribose is a 5C monosaccharide. What is it?

A

Pentose monosaccharide

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14
Q

What elements are all carbohydrates made from?

A

Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen

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15
Q

What are monosaccharides joined by? What does this form?

A

Glycosidic bonds. Disaccharide.

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16
Q

How is a polysaccharide formed?

A

When more than two monosaccharides join together

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17
Q

What is a condensation recation?

A

The formation of a bond when water molecule is released

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18
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction?

A

When a glycosidic bond is broken by the addition of water

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19
Q

Where do cells get their energy from?

A

Glucose

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20
Q

What do plants store excess glucose as?

A

Starch

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21
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Glucose, amylose and amylopectin

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22
Q

What is structure of amylose?

A

Long unbranched chain of a glucose. Coiled and compact. Good for storage.

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23
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Long branched chain of a glucose. Branches allow enzyme to break down faster for quick release of energy.

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24
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble? Why?

A

Insoluble so doesn’t enter cells via osmosis and swell them

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25
Q

What is excess glucose stored as in animals?

A

Glycogen

26
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Similar to amylopectin. Long branched chain of a glucose with more branches for faster energy release.

27
Q

What is celluose made of?

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose.

28
Q

What is cellulose linked by? Why is this good?

A

Linked by hydrogen bonds that form microfibrils to support the cells structure

29
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acid tails

30
Q

Which parts of a triglyceride are hydrophobic?

A

Fatty acid tails

31
Q

How are triglycerides synthesised?

A

By the formation of ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol

32
Q

How are Ester bonds formed?

A

Condensation reaction

33
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated, don’t have any double bonds between their carbon atoms and unsaturated do

34
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Similar to triglycerides, but one fatty acid tail is replaced by a phosphate group

35
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Phospholipid bi-layer

36
Q

What do cell membranes control?

A

What enters and leaves the cell

37
Q

What does hydrophilic mean? Give an example.

A

Having an affinity to water - phospholipid head

38
Q

What does hydrophobic mean? Give an example.

A

Repelled by water - phospholipid tails

39
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Regulates the fluidity of the membrane

40
Q

What does cholesterol do in high temperatures?

A

Membrane becomes less fluid and more rigid

41
Q

What does cholesterol do in low temperatures?

A

Increases membrane fluidity

42
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

One or more polypeptides

43
Q

What is the difference between different amino acids?

A

The variable group

44
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

45
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Folded into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

46
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Coiled and folded further into its final 3-D structure

47
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Made of several different polypeptide chains (haemoglobin)

48
Q

What bond holds together the primary structure of protein

A

Peptide bond

49
Q

What bond holds together the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds

50
Q

What bonds hold together, the tertiary structure of protein

A

Ionic and disulphide

51
Q

What bonds hold together, the quaternary structure of protein?

A

Peptide, hydrogen ionic, disulphide

52
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

Carries oxygen in RBCs

53
Q

Haemoglobin is a conjugated protein. What is a conjugated protein?

A

A protein with a non-protein group attached

54
Q

Where is the hormone insulin secreted?

A

Pancreas

55
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Helps to regulate blood glucose level

56
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of starch

57
Q

What is the structure of amylase?

A

A single chain amino acid with both a helix and b pleated sheet

58
Q

What are 2 characteristics of fibrous proteins?

A

Insoluble and strong

59
Q

Where is collagen found? What does it do?

A

Animal connective tissue. Increases rigidity.

60
Q

Where is keratin found? What does it do?

A

Skin, hair and nails. Can be flexible or hard and tough.

61
Q

Where is elastin found? What does it do?

A

Elastic connective tissue. Allows tissues to return to original shape and structure.

Biology OCR A - A-level (24 decks)

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