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Biology OCR A - A-level > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

What is species?

A

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is habitat?

A

The area inhabited by a species

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4
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living factors

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5
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living factors

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6
Q

What are areas of high biodiversity?

A

Those with lots of different different species

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7
Q

What is habitat diversity?

A

The number of different habitats in an area (sand dunes, woodland, meadows, ect)

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8
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area (woodland many different species of plant, insect and animals)

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9
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The variation of alleles within a species (variation of alleles without the dog species that gives rise to different breeds)

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10
Q

What is abundance?

A

A very large quantity of something

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11
Q

What is a pitfall trap? What is it ideal for?

A

A small pit insects can’t get out of - insects

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12
Q

What is kick sampling? What is it ideal for?

A

Gently kick bottom of the stream, then use to collect organisms that have been disturbed - aquatic organisms

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13
Q

What is a sweep neck? What is it ideal for?

A

An net that is swept across long grass - organisms in long grass

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14
Q

What sampling technique should you use to avoid bias?

A

Random sampling

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15
Q

How can you do random sampling?

A

Divide the area into a grid and use a random number generator to select coordinates

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16
Q

What are the three non-random sampling techniques?

A

1) systematic
2) opportunistic
3) stratified

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17
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When samples are taken at fixed intervals along a line

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18
Q

What is opportunist sampling?

A

When samples are chosen by the investigator on the day

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19
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

When different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled in proportion to their part of the habitat

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20
Q

What is species richness? How can it be higher or lower?

A

The number of different species in an area - the higher the number of species, the greater the species richness

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21
Q

What is species evenness? How can it be higher or lower?

A

A measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area - the more similar, the population size of each species, the greater the species evenness

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22
Q

What does n, N and backwards Z stand for in simpsons index?

A

n = Number of individuals of one species
N = Number of organisms of all species
Z = Sum of

23
Q

What do the results of Simpsons index show? (0-1)

A

The closer to one it is, the more diverse the habitat

24
Q

What happens when a population has a low genetic diversity?

A

They might not be able to adapt to a change in the environment and may die

25
Q

Give an example of a population, which genetic diversity may be low

A

Zoo

26
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene

27
Q

What is the name for a point on a chromosome?

A

Locus

28
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

A locus that has two or more alleles

29
Q

What is the formula for the proportion of polymorphic gene loci?

A

Number of polymorphic gene loci /
Total number of loci

30
Q

What three factors affect global wide diversity?

A

1) human population growth
2) increased use of monoculture in agriculture
3) climate change

31
Q

How does human population growth affect global biodiversity? (4 points)

A

1) habitat loss (Decreases habitat diversity)
2) over exploitation (decreases, genetic and species diversity)
3) urbanisation (Decrease its genetic diversity)
4) pollution (decreases biodiversity)

32
Q

How does increased use of monoculture in agriculture affect global biodiversity? (2 points)

A

1) Habitats lost to make way for large fields (reduces habitat diversity)
2) Local plants and animals seen as weeds and pests, so are killed (reducing species diversity)

33
Q

How does climate change affect global biodiversity?

A

The temperature and rainfall patterns of places change

34
Q

What does interdependent mean?

A

They depend on each other to survive

35
Q

Why is it important to protect keystone species?

A

The loss of these species would mean the disruption of both food chains and nutrient cycles

36
Q

What are genetic resources?

A

Any material that contains genes that we find valuable

37
Q

Why is it important to maintain genetic resources?

A

They provide us with a variety of everyday products and allow us to adapt to changes in the environment

38
Q

What is monoculture?

A

Growing a single variety of a single crop

39
Q

What does continuous monoculture cause?

A

Soil depletion - the nutrients are used up

40
Q

Why do farmers rotate their crop?

A

To allow nutrients to be replaced

41
Q

What economic cost has soil depletion led to?

A

Using fertilisers

42
Q

Why is it important to protect landscapes?

A

For aesthetic reasons

43
Q

What are the three factors that maintaining biodiversity is important for?

A

Ecological reasons, economic reasons, and aesthetic reasons

44
Q

What does in situ conservation mean?

A

On site - protecting species in their natural habitat

45
Q

What are five methods of in situ conservation?

A

1) Establishing protected areas - National parks and wildlife reserves
2) Controlling the introduction of new species that threaten local biodiversity
3) protecting habitats
4) Promoting a food source
5) giving legal protection to endangered species

46
Q

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of in situ conservation?

A

One advantage is that it is less destructive than moving them, and one disadvantage is that it is difficult to control threatening factors such as poaching and disease

47
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Off site - protecting a species by placing it in a new location

48
Q

What are the four methods of ex situ conservation?

A

1) relocating
2) reading in captivity, then re-introducing
3) botanic Gardens
4) seed banks

49
Q

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of ex situ conservation?

A

One advantage is predation and hunting can be managed more easily, and one disadvantage is, it can be expensive to sustain the right environment

50
Q

What are two successful international cooperation examples?

A

Rio convention on biological diversity (CBD) and CITES agreement

51
Q

What is the rio convention on biological diversity? (CBD)

A

-How to use animal and plant resources in a sustainable way
-Conserving biodiversity is everyone’s responsibility
-Provides guidance on how to conserve biodiversity

52
Q

What is the CITES agreement?

A

-increase international corporation in regulating trade
-Makes it illegal to kill endangered species
- Limits trade through licensing
-Raises awareness through education

53
Q

What is a local conservation agreement in the UK?

A

The countryside stewardship scheme (CSS)

54
Q

What is the CSS?

A

Government pay land owners who follow management techniques, they were suggesting - regenerate hedgerows - leave grassy margins around the edges of fields for wildflowers to grow

Biology OCR A - A-level (24 decks)

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