Classification and evolution Flashcards
What is classification?
Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences
What is taxonomy?
The study of classification
What are the taxonomic groups?
The eight levels of groups used in classification
What is the order of the levels?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What is in the prokaryotae kingdom?
Bacteria - unicellular, no nucleus, less than 5um
What is in the protoctista kingdom?
Algae + Protozoa - eukaryotic, live in water, single celled, or simple, multicellular organisms
What is in the fungi kingdom?
Moulds, yeast and mushrooms - you carotic, chitin cell wall, absorb substances from dead organisms, single cell or multicellular organisms
What is in the plantae kingdom?
Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants - You carry otik, multicellular, cell wall, made of cellulose, autotrophic
What does autotrophic mean?
produce their own food
What is in the animalia kingdom?
Insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals - eukaryotic, multicellular and no cell walls
What is the binomial system?
All organisms are given one internationally accepted name in Latin that has two parts
What is the first and second Latin words of the binomial system?
1= The genus 2= The species
What is a phylogenic tree?
Displays shared comment ancestors
What does the first branch on a phylogenic tree show?
The common ancestor of all the family members
What were old classification systems constructed by and what is the problem with this?
Observable features and this is a problem because physical features may not show how related the organisms are
What for evidences are used in classification systems now?
1) molecular evidence (DNA AND PROTEINS)
2) embryological evidence (similarities in early stages of development)
3) anatomical evidence (structure, and function of different body parts)
4) behavioural evidence
What does the development of technology mean for classification?
They can result in relationships between organisms being better clarified
What is the three domains system?
The replacement of the five kingdom classification system that sorts all organisms into either Eukarya , Archaea, or bacteria
Why was the three domain system proposed?
New molecular evidence
What four out of the five kingdoms fall under Eukarya in the three domain system?
Fungi, Plantae, Protoctista and Animalia
What does Prokaryotae fall under in the three domain system?
Archaea
What is variation?
The differences the exist between individuals
What is variation within species? Give an example.
Intraspecific - a species of bird like a robin can vary in length wingspan weight ect…
What is variation between species? Given an example.
Interspecific - lightest bird species is a hummingbird and the heaviest is an ostrich
What is continuous variation?
Individuals in a population vary within a range (humans can be any height with a range)
What is discontinuous variation?
There are two or more distinct categories that each individual falls into only one (blood type)
Give some examples of continuous variation
Height, mass, leaf number
Give some examples of discontinuous variation
Blood type, colour, antibiotic resistance
What genetic factors contribute to variation?
• Different species have different genes
• individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different alleles
What environmental factors contribute to variation?
Differences in the environment (climate, food and lifestyle)
What is a genetic and environmental factor that impacts variation?
Height - genes determine how tall an organism can grow but diet and nutrient availability can also determine this
What is the best mathematical equation to look for variation within a sample?
Standard deviation
What is the standard deviation?
Measure of the spread of values - Tell you how much the values in a single sample vary
What does a large and small standard deviation tell you?
Large tells you, the sample is vary a lot and small tells you the sample varies little
what does x, x(line) and n mean in standard deviation?
x = value in data set, x(line) = mean and n = number of values
Why do adaptations develop?
Because of evolution and natural selection
What are behavioural adaptations?
Ways an organism acts that increases its chances of survival
What are physiological adaptations?
Processes, inside an organisms body that increases its chance of survival
What are anatomical adaptations?
Structural features of an organisms body that increases its chance of survival
Why would some taxonomic groups have similar features?
They may have evolved in similar environments
What are marsupial mammals?
Have a short gestation period - don’t develop a full placenta - born early in development - climb into mothers pouch - continue to develop on teat in pouch
What are placental mammals?
Have a long gestation period - develop a placenta during pregnancy - born more fully developed
When did Darwin publishes theory of evolution?
1895
What was Darwin’s four observations?
1) organisms produce more offspring than survive
2) there variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
3) Some characteristics can be passed on
4) individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive
What was Darwin’s theory of evolution? (5 parts)
1) individuals with a population show variation in their phenotypes
2) selection pressures create struggle for survival
3) individuals with better adaptations, and more likely to survive and reproduce
What did Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?
He came up with the idea of natural selection
What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (3 points)
1) Fossils
2) DNA
3) Molecular
How do fossils support the theory of evolution?
The remains of organisms display gradual changes
How does DNA support the theory of evolution?
Chimps and mice share majority DNA with us
How does molecular evidence support the theory of evolution?
The sequence of amino acids in proteins can be compared with other organisms that diverged more recently
What are pesticides?
Chemicals that kill pests
What is pesticide resistance and how can it be explained by natural selection
Genetic mutations create alleles that make insects naturally resistant to a pesticide, the insects that have this will survive and reproduce, passing on the alleles
What implications does pesticide resistance have for humans?
Crop infestations with pesticide resistant insects are harder to control and disease carrying insects that a pesticide resistant means that a disease would increase spread
What drug resistance has implications for humans and how?
Antibiotic resistance means that some infections are harder to treat meaning that new drugs will need to be developed
