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Biology OCR A - A-level > Classification and evolution > Flashcards

Classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of classification

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3
Q

What are the taxonomic groups?

A

The eight levels of groups used in classification

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4
Q

What is the order of the levels?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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6
Q

What is in the prokaryotae kingdom?

A

Bacteria - unicellular, no nucleus, less than 5um

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7
Q

What is in the protoctista kingdom?

A

Algae + Protozoa - eukaryotic, live in water, single celled, or simple, multicellular organisms

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8
Q

What is in the fungi kingdom?

A

Moulds, yeast and mushrooms - you carotic, chitin cell wall, absorb substances from dead organisms, single cell or multicellular organisms

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9
Q

What is in the plantae kingdom?

A

Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants - You carry otik, multicellular, cell wall, made of cellulose, autotrophic

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10
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

produce their own food

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11
Q

What is in the animalia kingdom?

A

Insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals - eukaryotic, multicellular and no cell walls

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12
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

All organisms are given one internationally accepted name in Latin that has two parts

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13
Q

What is the first and second Latin words of the binomial system?

A

1= The genus 2= The species

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14
Q

What is a phylogenic tree?

A

Displays shared comment ancestors

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15
Q

What does the first branch on a phylogenic tree show?

A

The common ancestor of all the family members

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16
Q

What were old classification systems constructed by and what is the problem with this?

A

Observable features and this is a problem because physical features may not show how related the organisms are

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17
Q

What for evidences are used in classification systems now?

A

1) molecular evidence (DNA AND PROTEINS)
2) embryological evidence (similarities in early stages of development)
3) anatomical evidence (structure, and function of different body parts)
4) behavioural evidence

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18
Q

What does the development of technology mean for classification?

A

They can result in relationships between organisms being better clarified

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19
Q

What is the three domains system?

A

The replacement of the five kingdom classification system that sorts all organisms into either Eukarya , Archaea, or bacteria

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20
Q

Why was the three domain system proposed?

A

New molecular evidence

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21
Q

What four out of the five kingdoms fall under Eukarya in the three domain system?

A

Fungi, Plantae, Protoctista and Animalia

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22
Q

What does Prokaryotae fall under in the three domain system?

A

Archaea

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23
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences the exist between individuals

24
Q

What is variation within species? Give an example.

A

Intraspecific - a species of bird like a robin can vary in length wingspan weight ect…

25
Q

What is variation between species? Given an example.

A

Interspecific - lightest bird species is a hummingbird and the heaviest is an ostrich

26
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Individuals in a population vary within a range (humans can be any height with a range)

27
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

There are two or more distinct categories that each individual falls into only one (blood type)

28
Q

Give some examples of continuous variation

A

Height, mass, leaf number

29
Q

Give some examples of discontinuous variation

A

Blood type, colour, antibiotic resistance

30
Q

What genetic factors contribute to variation?

A

• Different species have different genes
• individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different alleles

31
Q

What environmental factors contribute to variation?

A

Differences in the environment (climate, food and lifestyle)

32
Q

What is a genetic and environmental factor that impacts variation?

A

Height - genes determine how tall an organism can grow but diet and nutrient availability can also determine this

33
Q

What is the best mathematical equation to look for variation within a sample?

A

Standard deviation

34
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

Measure of the spread of values - Tell you how much the values in a single sample vary

35
Q

What does a large and small standard deviation tell you?

A

Large tells you, the sample is vary a lot and small tells you the sample varies little

36
Q

what does x, x(line) and n mean in standard deviation?

A

x = value in data set, x(line) = mean and n = number of values

37
Q

Why do adaptations develop?

A

Because of evolution and natural selection

38
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Ways an organism acts that increases its chances of survival

39
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Processes, inside an organisms body that increases its chance of survival

40
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features of an organisms body that increases its chance of survival

41
Q

Why would some taxonomic groups have similar features?

A

They may have evolved in similar environments

42
Q

What are marsupial mammals?

A

Have a short gestation period - don’t develop a full placenta - born early in development - climb into mothers pouch - continue to develop on teat in pouch

43
Q

What are placental mammals?

A

Have a long gestation period - develop a placenta during pregnancy - born more fully developed

44
Q

When did Darwin publishes theory of evolution?

A

1895

45
Q

What was Darwin’s four observations?

A

1) organisms produce more offspring than survive
2) there variation in the characteristics of members of the same species
3) Some characteristics can be passed on
4) individuals that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive

46
Q

What was Darwin’s theory of evolution? (5 parts)

A

1) individuals with a population show variation in their phenotypes
2) selection pressures create struggle for survival
3) individuals with better adaptations, and more likely to survive and reproduce

47
Q

What did Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution?

A

He came up with the idea of natural selection

48
Q

What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (3 points)

A

1) Fossils
2) DNA
3) Molecular

49
Q

How do fossils support the theory of evolution?

A

The remains of organisms display gradual changes

50
Q

How does DNA support the theory of evolution?

A

Chimps and mice share majority DNA with us

51
Q

How does molecular evidence support the theory of evolution?

A

The sequence of amino acids in proteins can be compared with other organisms that diverged more recently

52
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Chemicals that kill pests

53
Q

What is pesticide resistance and how can it be explained by natural selection

A

Genetic mutations create alleles that make insects naturally resistant to a pesticide, the insects that have this will survive and reproduce, passing on the alleles

54
Q

What implications does pesticide resistance have for humans?

A

Crop infestations with pesticide resistant insects are harder to control and disease carrying insects that a pesticide resistant means that a disease would increase spread

55
Q

What drug resistance has implications for humans and how?

A

Antibiotic resistance means that some infections are harder to treat meaning that new drugs will need to be developed

Biology OCR A - A-level (24 decks)

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