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Biology OCR A - A-level > Cell Division And Cellular Organisation > Flashcards

Cell Division And Cellular Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The process all multicellular organisms use to grow and divide

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2
Q

What happens in G1 (Gap phase 1) of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and proteins are made

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3
Q

What happens at G1 checkpoint?

A

The cell checks all the chemicals needed for replication are present

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4
Q

What happens in S (synthesis) stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cell replicates its DNA

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5
Q

What happens in G2 (Gap phase 2) of the cell cycle?

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

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6
Q

What happens at G2 checkpoint?

A

Cell checks whether DNA has been replicated without damage

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7
Q

What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis (IPMAT) and Cytokenesis

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8
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

The cell grows and replicated DNA ready for division

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9
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense, and bundles of protein called centrioles move to the end of the cell and spindle fibres are formed. The nuclear envelope also breaks down here.

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10
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and spindle fibres attach to the centromere.

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11
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Centromeres divide and separate each pair of sister chromatids, pulling them to opposite ends of the cell.

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12
Q

What happens in telpohase?

A

Chromatids uncoil and become long and thin, making them chromosomes. The nuclear envelopes forms again.

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13
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm divides and a cleavage furrow forms to divide the membrane.

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14
Q

What is left (the product) after cytokinesis?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells

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15
Q

How can you visualise the stages of mitosis?

A

Stain the chromosomes and place them under a microscope

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16
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Gametes for sexual reproduction

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis 1?

A

PMATC just like in mitosis

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18
Q

What happens in meiosis 2?

A

The two daughter cells undergo P2 M2 A2 T2 and C (PMAT and C) only the new daughter cells only have one chromatid from each chromosome.

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19
Q

What phase does crossing over occur in in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1

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20
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A

Chromatids twist around one another and some chromatids swap over, meaning the chromatids contain the same genes but a different combination of alleles

21
Q

What two events lead to genetic variation in meiosis?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes

22
Q

What is the independent assortment of chromosomes?

A

When homologous pairs line up in M1 and separated in A1, it’s completely random so the four daughter cells have different combinations of maternal and paternal genes

23
Q

What type of cells are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

24
Q

What are unspecialised cells?

A

They can develop into different types of cells

25
Q

Where are stem cells found in humans?

A

Early embryos and bone marrow

26
Q

What do stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into?

A

Blood cells (erythrocytes - RBC’s) (neutrophils - WBC’s) to replace worn out blood cells

27
Q

What do stem cells in the meristem differentiate into?

A

Xylem vessels and phloem sieve tube elements.

28
Q

How could stem cells cure Alzheimer’s?

A

By regrowing healthy nerve cells

29
Q

How could stem cells cure Parkinson’s?

A

To regenerate dopamine producing cells.

30
Q

How are neutrophils adapted to their function?

A

Their flexible shape allows them to engulf pathogens and the lysosomes in their cytoplasm allies them to digest.

31
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted to their function?

A

Their biconcave disc shape provides a large SA for gas exchange and they have no nucleus so there’s more room for haemoglobin.

32
Q

How are epithelial cells adapted to their functions?

A

Some are ciliated to move particles away and some are squamous that are thin so there is a short diffusion distance.

33
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

Have a flagellum so they can swim to the egg and their acrosome contains digestive enzymes to enable the sperm to penetrate the egg

34
Q

How are palisade mesophyll cells adapted to their function?

A

They contain many chloroplasts so they can absorb sunlight and the walls are thin so co2 can easily diffuse into the cell

35
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

They have a large surface area for reabsorption and a thin permeable cell wall for entry

36
Q

How are guard cells adapted to their function?

A

Thin outer walls and thick inner walls that forces them to bend outwards to open the stomata

37
Q

What are the three different types of muscle tissue and where are they found?

A

Smooth - Stomach wall
Cardiac - Heart
Skeletal - Used to move

38
Q

What is cartilage and where is it found?

A

A connective tissue in the joints

39
Q

Name the 4 animal tissues

A

1) Squamous epithelium
2) Ciliated epithelium
3) Muscle tissue
4) Cartilage

40
Q

Name the two plant tissues

A

Xylem and phloem

41
Q

What does xylem tissue do?

A

Transports water

42
Q

What is xylem made up of?

A

Dead and living parenchyma cells

43
Q

What does phloem tissue do?

A

Transports sugars

44
Q

What is phloem tissue made up of?

A

Sieve tube elements, companion cells and sieve plates in between the tube

45
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform a particular function

46
Q

What tissues do the lungs have?

A

Squamous and ciliated epithelial, elastic connective tissue and vascular tissue

47
Q

What tissues to leaves have?

A

Palisade tissue, epidermal tissue, xylem and phloem

48
Q

What do organs work together to form?

A

Organ systems

49
Q

What are the two organ systems?

A

The respiratory system and the circulatory system

Biology OCR A - A-level (24 decks)

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