Cellular Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptides

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2
Q

What is 4 to the power of three?

A

64

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3
Q

out of mRNA and tRNA, which one has the codon, and which one has the anticodon?

A

mRNA has the codon and tRNA has the anticodon

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4
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the amount of or arrangement of genetic material in a cell

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5
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

Where bases are substituted out for another

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6
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

One base is deleted

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7
Q

What is an addition mutation?

A

One base is added

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8
Q

What is a duplication mutation?

A

The codon its duplicated

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9
Q

What is an inversion mutation?

A

Bases in a codon are inverted

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10
Q

What types of mutations cause frame shifts?

A

Deletion and addition mutations

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11
Q

What is an example of a beneficial mutation?

A

Bacterial resistance

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12
Q

What is an example of a harmful mutation

A

Proteins folding incorrectly – cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

What happens in a neutral mutation?

A

The amino acid sequence doesn’t change

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14
Q

What is an operon?

A

A section of DNA that controls structural genes, control elements and regulatory genes

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15
Q

What do structural genes code for?

A

Useful proteins such as enzymes

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16
Q

What letter is the start of the lac operon and what does it do?

A

I - codes for transcriptional factors

17
Q

What does P stand for in the lac operon and what does it do?

A

Promoter - it is the control element that RNA polymerase binds to

18
Q

What does O stand for in the lac operon and what does it do?

A

Operator - the transcription factors bind to it

19
Q

What are Z and Y in the lac operon and what are they?

A

Z is beta galactosidase and Y is lactose permease - they are structural genes

20
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A protein that binds to DNA and switches genes on or off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription

21
Q

What is the transcription factor in the Lac operon?

22
Q

What happens to the lac operon when there is lactose present?

A

Lactose binds to the repressor and doesn’t bind to the operator

23
Q

What happens to the lac operon when lactose is not present?

A

The repressor binds to the operator and blocks transcription

24
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

Change the shape of the active site

25
What does a homeobox gene code for?
Proteins that control the development of a body plan
26
What is a apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
27
How does apoptosis happen?
1) The cell produces enzymes to breakdown important parts of the cell 2) the cell is then engulfed by phagocytosis
28
What is the hayflick limit?
The amount of times a cell can divide before it dies - 52
29
What are the two types of cell that aren’t affected by the hayflick limit?
Stem cells and cancer cells
30
What is an example of apoptosis in fetal development?
The splitting of fingers
31
What are the two stages involved in protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation