Cellular Control

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

A section of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptides

Question 2

What is 4 to the power of three?

Answer 2

64

Question 3

out of mRNA and tRNA, which one has the codon, and which one has the anticodon?

Answer 3

mRNA has the codon and tRNA has the anticodon

Question 4

What is a mutation?

Answer 4

A change in the amount of or arrangement of genetic material in a cell

Question 5

What is a substitution mutation?

Answer 5

Where bases are substituted out for another

Question 6

What is a deletion mutation?

Answer 6

One base is deleted

Question 7

What is an addition mutation?

Answer 7

One base is added

Question 8

What is a duplication mutation?

Answer 8

The codon its duplicated

Question 9

What is an inversion mutation?

Answer 9

Bases in a codon are inverted

Question 10

What types of mutations cause frame shifts?

Answer 10

Deletion and addition mutations

Question 11

What is an example of a beneficial mutation?

Answer 11

Bacterial resistance

Question 12

What is an example of a harmful mutation

Answer 12

Proteins folding incorrectly – cystic fibrosis

Question 13

What happens in a neutral mutation?

Answer 13

The amino acid sequence doesn’t change

Question 14

What is an operon?

Answer 14

A section of DNA that controls structural genes, control elements and regulatory genes

Question 15

What do structural genes code for?

Answer 15

Useful proteins such as enzymes

Question 16

What letter is the start of the lac operon and what does it do?

Answer 16

I - codes for transcriptional factors

Question 17

What does P stand for in the lac operon and what does it do?

Answer 17

Promoter - it is the control element that RNA polymerase binds to

Question 18

What does O stand for in the lac operon and what does it do?

Answer 18

Operator - the transcription factors bind to it

Question 19

What are Z and Y in the lac operon and what are they?

Answer 19

Z is beta galactosidase and Y is lactose permease - they are structural genes

Question 20

What is a transcription factor?

Answer 20

A protein that binds to DNA and switches genes on or off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription

Question 21

What is the transcription factor in the Lac operon?

Answer 21

Repressor

Question 22

What happens to the lac operon when there is lactose present?

Answer 22

Lactose binds to the repressor and doesn’t bind to the operator

Question 23

What happens to the lac operon when lactose is not present?

Answer 23

The repressor binds to the operator and blocks transcription

Question 24

What does cAMP do?

Answer 24

Change the shape of the active site

Question 25

What does a homeobox gene code for?

Answer 25

Proteins that control the development of a body plan

Question 26

What is a apoptosis?

Answer 26

Programmed cell death

Question 27

How does apoptosis happen?

Answer 27

1) The cell produces enzymes to breakdown important parts of the cell
2) the cell is then engulfed by phagocytosis

Question 28

What is the hayflick limit?

Answer 28

The amount of times a cell can divide before it dies - 52

Question 29

What are the two types of cell that aren’t affected by the hayflick limit?

Answer 29

Stem cells and cancer cells

Question 30

What is an example of apoptosis in fetal development?

Answer 30

The splitting of fingers

Question 31

What are the two stages involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 31

Transcription and translation