EXAM REVIEW INTERNAL SYSTEMS AND REGULATION

Question 1

What is the path of food?

Answer 1

Mouth: Food is chewed and mixed with saliva.
Esophagus: Swallowed food travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
Stomach: Food is mixed with gastric juices and broken down into chyme.
Small Intestine: Chyme is further digested by enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver; nutrients are absorbed.
Large Intestine: Water and electrolytes are absorbed; waste is formed into feces.
Rectum: Feces are stored before elimination.
Anus: Feces are expelled from the body.

Question 2

What is the path of air?

Answer 2

Nose/Mouth: Air enters and is filtered, warmed, and humidified.
Pharynx: Air passes through the throat.
Larynx: Air passes through the voice box.
Trachea: Air travels down the windpipe.
Bronchi: Air splits into the left and right bronchi, entering the lungs.
Bronchioles: Air travels through smaller bronchioles within the lungs.
Alveoli: Air reaches the alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

Question 3

What is the path of blood?

Answer 3

Right Atrium: Deoxygenated blood enters from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Right Ventricle: Blood is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Lungs: Blood is oxygenated.
Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary veins.
Left Ventricle: Blood is pumped to the body through the aorta.
Body: Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and picks up waste products.

Question 4

What is the function of the circulatory system

Answer 4

Circulatory System:
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Question 5

what is the function of the digestive system

Answer 5

Digestive System:
Breaks down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and cell repair; eliminates waste products.

Question 6

what is the function of the respiratory system

Answer 6

Respiratory System:
Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.

Question 7

What are the components of blood and what is the function of each?

Answer 7

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Fight infections and provide immunity.
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Assist in blood clotting.
Plasma: The liquid component that transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Question 8

Describe the exchange of gases that occurs in the lungs and at the cell level.

Answer 8

In the Lungs:
Alveoli: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
At the Cellular Level:
Capillaries: Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood.

Question 9

What are the two types of digestion?

Answer 9

Mechanical Digestion: Physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing in the mouth, churning in the stomach).

Chemical Digestion: Enzymatic breakdown of food (e.g., saliva in the mouth, gastric juices in the stomach).

Question 10

similatrity and difference Ingestion and Egestion

Answer 10

Similarity: Both are parts of the digestive process.
Difference: Ingestion is the intake of food, while egestion is the elimination of indigestible waste.

Question 11

similarity and difference
Diffusion and Osmosis

Answer 11

Similarity: Both are passive transport processes.
Difference: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 12

similarity and difference Artery and Vein

Answer 12

Similarity: Both are blood vessels.
Difference: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood to the heart.

Question 13

similarity and difference Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation

Answer 13

Similarity: Both are circuits in the cardiovascular system.
Difference: Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs, while systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Question 14

similarity and difference SA Node and AV Node

Answer 14

Similarity: Both are components of the heart’s electrical conduction system.
Difference: The SA node initiates the heartbeat, while the AV node relays the impulse from the atria to the ventricles.

Question 15

similarity and difference Diastole and Systole

Answer 15

Similarity: Both are phases of the cardiac cycle.
Difference: Diastole is the relaxation phase, while systole is the contraction phase.

Question 16

similarity and difference
Breathing and Respiration

Answer 16

Similarity: Both involve the exchange of gases.
Difference: Breathing is the physical process of inhaling and exhaling air, while respiration is the biochemical process of energy production in cells.

Question 17

role of the mouth in digestion

Answer 17

Mouth: Begins mechanical digestion with chewing and chemical digestion with saliva.

Question 18

role of the stomach in digestion

Answer 18

Stomach: Mixes food with gastric juices, begins protein digestion.

Question 19

role of small intestine in digestion

Answer 19

Small Intestine: Continues digestion with enzymes, absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

Question 20

role of pancreas in digestion

Answer 20

Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Question 21

role of liver in digestion

Answer 21

Liver: breaks down toxins like alcohol.

Question 22

role of large intestine in digesion

Answer 22

Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces.

Question 23

What are the three vessel types and what is the function of each.

Answer 23

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body (except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs).
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart).
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels where exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and tissues.