Exam Reveiw Genetics

Question 1

What does the acronym IPMATC stand for?

Answer 1

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

Question 2

What happens in Interphase

Answer 2

Growth and Preparation: The cell grows and replicates its DNA.
Organelles Duplicate: The cell produces additional organelles and proteins.

Question 3

What happens in prophase

Answer 3

Chromatin Condenses: Chromatin fibers condense into visible chromosomes.
Nuclear Envelope Breaks Down: The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.

Question 4

What happens in metaphase

Answer 4

Chromosomes Align: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (equator of the cell).
Spindle Fibers Attach: Spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

Question 5

What happens in anaphase

Answer 5

Chromatids Separate: Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles.
Cell Elongates: The cell elongates to prepare for division.

Question 6

What happens in telophase

Answer 6

Nuclear Envelope Reforms: Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes.
Chromosomes Decondense: Chromosomes start to uncoil back into chromatin.

Question 7

what happens in cytokinesis

Answer 7

Cytoplasm Divides: The cytoplasm divides, forming two separate daughter cells.
Cell Membrane Pinches: The cell membrane pinches in, often referred to as the cleavage furrow.

Question 8

how many Phases of Meiosis are there

Answer 8

Meiosis consists of two rounds of division: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, each with its own phases.

Question 9

What happens in prophase 1

Answer 9

Chromosomes Condense: Chromosomes become visible.
Crossing Over Occurs: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

Question 10

what happens in metaphase 1

Answer 10

Homologous Pairs Align: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.
Spindle Fibers Attach: Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of homologous chromosomes.

Question 11

what happens in anaphase 1

Answer 11

Homologous Chromosomes Separate: Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.
Reduction Division: The chromosome number is halved.

Question 12

what happens in telophase 1

Answer 12

Nuclear Membranes Reforms: Two nuclei form, each with half the original number of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis Begins: The cell begins to divide.

Question 13

what happens in prohase 2

Answer 13

Chromosomes Condense Again: Chromosomes recondense in each new cell.
Spindle Formation: Spindle apparatus forms in each new cell.

Question 14

what happens in metaphase 2

Answer 14

Chromosomes Align: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in each cell.
Spindle Fibers Attach: Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of sister chromatids.

Question 15

what happens in anaphase 2

Answer 15

Sister Chromatids Separate: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
Cell Elongates: Each cell elongates to prepare for division.

Question 16

what happens in telophase 2

Answer 16

Nuclear Membranes Reform: Nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis Completes: Cytoplasm divides, resulting in four haploid cells.

Question 17

why is meiosis needed to produce gametes

Answer 17

Meiosis is essential for producing gametes (sperm and eggs) because it reduces the chromosome number by half, from diploid (2n) to haploid (n). This ensures that when fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote has the correct diploid number of chromosomes. Meiosis also introduces genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.

Question 18

What is the difference between phenotypes and genotypes?

Answer 18

Phenotypes: The observable physical or physiological traits of an organism, such as hair color, height, and behavior, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Genotypes: The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of both visible and non-visible alleles that determine specific traits.

Question 19

similarites and differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 19

Similarities: Both produce offspring and are forms of biological reproduction.
Differences: Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parents, leading to genetic diversity. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring.

Question 20

similarites and differences Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Answer 20

Similarities: Both are forms of gametogenesis, producing male (sperm) and female (egg) gametes, respectively.
Differences: Spermatogenesis results in four viable sperm cells per meiosis cycle, while oogenesis results in one viable egg and three polar bodies. Spermatogenesis occurs continuously, whereas oogenesis has long resting phases.

Question 21

similarities and differences Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Answer 21

Similarities: Both are processes of cell division, involving similar stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
Differences: Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells. Mitosis is for growth and repair, whereas meiosis is for sexual reproduction.

Question 22

similarities and differences Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Answer 22

Similarities: Both terms describe the genotype of an organism.
Differences: Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a trait.

Question 23

similarities and differences Diploid vs. Haploid

Answer 23

Similarities: Both terms describe the number of chromosomes in a cell.
Differences: Diploid cells (2n) have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, while haploid cells (n) have one set of chromosomes.

Question 24

similarities and differences Incomplete Dominance vs. Co-dominance

Answer 24

Similarities: Both are forms of genetic inheritance.
Differences: Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink flowers), while co-dominance results in both alleles being expressed equally and distinctly (e.g., AB blood type).