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Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how many bones and muscles are there in the body?

A

640 muscles

206 bones

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2
Q

What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebrae and ribs

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3
Q

What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet.

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4
Q

What is the functional role of the patella?

A

To increase the distance between the centre of the joint and the line of the force

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5
Q

What is the role of the bursae?

A

To reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons

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6
Q

What is the Q angle?

A

A measurement of the angle between the quadriceps

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7
Q

What is the function of menisci?

A

To disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement

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8
Q

What is foot pronation a combination of?

A

Abduction
Eversion
Dorsifexion

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9
Q

What is foot supination a combination of?

A

Adduction
Inversion
Plantar Flexion

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10
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

A condition in which a person’s spine has a sideways curve

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11
Q

What is the role of the glenoid labrum?

A

Deepens the cavity and increases the stability of the glenohumeral joint

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12
Q

What plane and axis does upward rotation of the scapula occur about?

A

transverse plane

vertical axis

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13
Q

name the 4 rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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14
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

A large prominence on a bone usually serving for the arched muscles or ligaments

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15
Q

What is the anatomical term for the knee joint

A

Tibiofemoral

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16
Q

What is the epiphyseal/growth plate

A

A cartilage plate in the metaphysics at each end of a long bone

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17
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

the sartorius muscle (thigh)

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18
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis caused by? (tennis elbow)

A

Repetitive extension of the wrist

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19
Q

What is the scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

The pattern of muscle contractions and motion that occurs between the scapula and humerus

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20
Q

Name the functions of the skeleton

A 
Support 
Protection 
Movement 
Mineral storage 
Site of blood cell production
Triglyceride storage energy
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21
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Long cylindrical shaft

relatively wide protruding ends

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22
Q

Describe flat bones

A

usually have curved surface

protective and offer large areas for muscular attachment

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23
Q

describe short bones

A

small cubical shaped solid bones

similar in length breadth and thiclness

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24
Q

describe irregular bones

A

have specialised shapes and functions

e.g vertebrae

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25
describe sesamoid bones
small bones embedded within tenon where pressure develops
26
What is the diaphysis and epiphysis?
Diaphysis is the long portion of bone | Epiphysis is the round end of the bone
27
What are the epiphyseal growth plates?
Cartilage plate at the end of each end of a long bone responsible for growth in the length of bone
28
What are osteogenic cells
Unspecialised cells | Possess myotonic potential to develop into osteoblasts
29
Define the remodelling of bone
The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue | Compact bone formed by transformation of spongy bone tissue
30
Why is exercise important to develop and maintain bone?
It allows remodelling to take place which is the replacement of old tissue by new bone tissue Bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts
31
Compare the structure, location and function of compact and spongy bone
Compact bone contains few spaces and is a layer over the spongy bone tissue. It provides protection, support and resists stress of weight on long bones In contrast, spongy bone is internal to compact bone. They are short, flat and irregularly shaped
32
What are the functions of the fibrocartilage disks
distribute loads over the joint surfaces, improve the fit of the articulating surfaces, limit slippage between bones, lubrication, shock absorption
33
What is the function of bursa?
Reduces friction between joints and bones
34
What happens within a synovial joint during exercise?
Fluid warmed and becomes thinner, more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage, cartilage will swell and provide more protection during exercise W
35
What is meant by degrees of freedom?
Type and amount of motion structural allowed by anatomical joints
36
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket
37
Name function of menisci
aid lubrication of joint, deepen contact surface which increases stability, shock absorption
38
What is scoliosis?
person's spine has a sideways curve.
39
What is the anatomical term for the knee joint?
tibiofemoral
40
What is the longest muscle in the body
sartorius muscle
41
What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
pain at anterior portion of heel hurts first thing in morning decreases a bit after dorsiflexion laxation
42
Describe the screw home principle of the knee?
knee stability If foot is fixed on the round and tibia is weight bearing, femur will involuntarily internally rotate and move posterioryly this is because of unequally sized femoral condyles - lateral slides over greater distance Also because of the direction of the collateral ligaments
43
What is active and passive insufficiency of 2 joint muscles?
Active insufficiency - when a multi joint muscle reaches a shortened length where it can no longer apply an effective force passive insufficiency - when a muscle cannot stretch anymore. inability of a multi joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full range of motion of all the joints it crosses
44
What is the difference between the anatomical and fundamental position?
Anatomical position is the position of reference for all movements. Body upright, feet shoulder width apart, arms held out and palms faced forwards Fundamental position - same as that of the anatomical except palms of hands face the size of the body
45
Explain Wolff's law
States that bones in a healthy person will adapt to the lands which its placed under
46
What happens when wearing high heels
Less stable as with dorsiflexion flexion, there is more lateral movement than plantar flexion
47
Describe the different arches of the food
Medial longitudinal - calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiform, 3 medial metatarsals Lateral longitudinal - calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsals Anterior transverse - under toes Posterior transverse - under 3 cuneiforms
48
What is plantar fasciitis?
Pain at the anterior portion of the heel Inflammation of fibrous tissue along the bottom of the foot. This band of issue connects your heel bone to toes
49
Explain Hill's mechanical model of muscle
Representation of the muscle mechanical response Contractile component e.g actin and myosin 0 generate active tension Elastic components - generate passive tension Parallel elastic components e.g connective tissue - store elastic energy when stretched Series elastic components e.g tendons - transmit tension produced by contractile component to attachment point of muscles
50
Explain the muscle force velocity relationship
muscle force depends on the length of the muscle - highest force generated at 100 to 120% of resting length
51
Levers
1st class - fulcrum is between muscle force and the resistance 2nd class- resistance is between the fulcrum and muscle force 3rd class - force is between the fulcrum and the resistance
52
What is the diaphragm?
muscle responsible for breathing movements | as it contracts and flattens, the thoracic volume is increased and air is inspired
53
Describe Young's modules
Image result for Young’s modulusen.wikipedia.org Young's modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
54
What is the mechanical advantage
Effort arm / resistance arm Levers can be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force Effort further than the load from the fulcrum = mechanical advantage
55
Sections of the vertebrae
``` cervical thoracic lumbar sarcral coccyx ```
56
Describe the structure of a long bone
diaphysis - shaft/ log portion of bone Epiphysis - round end of bone Metaphysis- wider portion of long bone adjustment Periosteum - outer surface of bone Endosteum - thin layer of connective tissue that line the walls of medullary cavities
57
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint? | Shoulder
Ball and socket
58
What is the functional role of the patella?
Its location allows it to serve the quads in a similar fashion to the work of a pulley by creating an improve angle of pull ---- greater mechanical advantage when performing knee extension
59
What is foot pronation a combination of?
Abduction, eversion, dorsi flexion
60
What is foot supination a combination of?
Adduction, inversion, plantar flexion
61
Which structure deepens the cavity and increases the stability of the glenohumeral joint?
glenoid fossa
62
What axis and plane does the upward rotation of the scapula occur around?
transverse plane | vertical axis
63
Is the relationship between muscle tension and temperature positive or negative?
negative | as temperature of material increases with a constant stress, a slow continuous deformation is observed (creep)

Kinesiology (16 decks)

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