Exam Questions Flashcards
Approximately how many bones and muscles are there in the body?
640 muscles
206 bones
What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?
Skull, vertebrae and ribs
What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet.
What is the functional role of the patella?
To increase the distance between the centre of the joint and the line of the force
What is the role of the bursae?
To reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons
What is the Q angle?
A measurement of the angle between the quadriceps
What is the function of menisci?
To disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement
What is foot pronation a combination of?
Abduction
Eversion
Dorsifexion
What is foot supination a combination of?
Adduction
Inversion
Plantar Flexion
What is scoliosis?
A condition in which a person’s spine has a sideways curve
What is the role of the glenoid labrum?
Deepens the cavity and increases the stability of the glenohumeral joint
What plane and axis does upward rotation of the scapula occur about?
transverse plane
vertical axis
name the 4 rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
What is a tuberosity?
A large prominence on a bone usually serving for the arched muscles or ligaments
What is the anatomical term for the knee joint
Tibiofemoral
What is the epiphyseal/growth plate
A cartilage plate in the metaphysics at each end of a long bone
What is the longest muscle in the body?
the sartorius muscle (thigh)
What is lateral epicondylitis caused by? (tennis elbow)
Repetitive extension of the wrist
What is the scapulohumeral rhythm?
The pattern of muscle contractions and motion that occurs between the scapula and humerus
Name the functions of the skeleton
Support Protection Movement Mineral storage Site of blood cell production Triglyceride storage energy
Describe flat bones
Long cylindrical shaft
relatively wide protruding ends
Describe flat bones
usually have curved surface
protective and offer large areas for muscular attachment
describe short bones
small cubical shaped solid bones
similar in length breadth and thiclness
describe irregular bones
have specialised shapes and functions
e.g vertebrae
describe sesamoid bones
small bones embedded within tenon where pressure develops
What is the diaphysis and epiphysis?
Diaphysis is the long portion of bone
Epiphysis is the round end of the bone
What are the epiphyseal growth plates?
Cartilage plate at the end of each end of a long bone responsible for growth in the length of bone
What are osteogenic cells
Unspecialised cells
Possess myotonic potential to develop into osteoblasts
Define the remodelling of bone
The replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Compact bone formed by transformation of spongy bone tissue
Why is exercise important to develop and maintain bone?
It allows remodelling to take place which is the replacement of old tissue by new bone tissue
Bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts
Compare the structure, location and function of compact and spongy bone
Compact bone contains few spaces and is a layer over the spongy bone tissue. It provides protection, support and resists stress of weight on long bones
In contrast, spongy bone is internal to compact bone. They are short, flat and irregularly shaped
What are the functions of the fibrocartilage disks
distribute loads over the joint surfaces, improve the fit of the articulating surfaces, limit slippage between bones, lubrication, shock absorption
What is the function of bursa?
Reduces friction between joints and bones
What happens within a synovial joint during exercise?
Fluid warmed and becomes thinner, more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage, cartilage will swell and provide more protection during exercise W
What is meant by degrees of freedom?
Type and amount of motion structural allowed by anatomical joints
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball and socket
Name function of menisci
aid lubrication of joint, deepen contact surface which increases stability, shock absorption
What is scoliosis?
person’s spine has a sideways curve.
What is the anatomical term for the knee joint?
tibiofemoral
What is the longest muscle in the body
sartorius muscle
What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
pain at anterior portion of heel
hurts first thing in morning
decreases a bit after dorsiflexion laxation
Describe the screw home principle of the knee?
knee stability
If foot is fixed on the round and tibia is weight bearing, femur will involuntarily internally rotate and move posterioryly
this is because of unequally sized femoral condyles - lateral slides over greater distance
Also because of the direction of the collateral ligaments
What is active and passive insufficiency of 2 joint muscles?
Active insufficiency - when a multi joint muscle reaches a shortened length where it can no longer apply an effective force
passive insufficiency - when a muscle cannot stretch anymore. inability of a multi joint muscle to lengthen to a degree that allows full range of motion of all the joints it crosses
What is the difference between the anatomical and fundamental position?
Anatomical position is the position of reference for all movements. Body upright, feet shoulder width apart, arms held out and palms faced forwards
Fundamental position - same as that of the anatomical except palms of hands face the size of the body
Explain Wolff’s law
States that bones in a healthy person will adapt to the lands which its placed under
What happens when wearing high heels
Less stable as with dorsiflexion flexion, there is more lateral movement than plantar flexion
Describe the different arches of the food
Medial longitudinal - calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiform, 3 medial metatarsals
Lateral longitudinal - calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsals
Anterior transverse - under toes
Posterior transverse - under 3 cuneiforms
What is plantar fasciitis?
Pain at the anterior portion of the heel
Inflammation of fibrous tissue along the bottom of the foot. This band of issue connects your heel bone to toes
Explain Hill’s mechanical model of muscle
Representation of the muscle mechanical response
Contractile component e.g actin and myosin 0 generate active tension
Elastic components - generate passive tension
Parallel elastic components e.g connective tissue - store elastic energy when stretched
Series elastic components e.g tendons - transmit tension produced by contractile component to attachment point of muscles
Explain the muscle force velocity relationship
muscle force depends on the length of the muscle - highest force generated at 100 to 120% of resting length
Levers
1st class - fulcrum is between muscle force and the resistance
2nd class- resistance is between the fulcrum and muscle force
3rd class - force is between the fulcrum and the resistance
What is the diaphragm?
muscle responsible for breathing movements
as it contracts and flattens, the thoracic volume is increased and air is inspired
Describe Young’s modules
Image result for Young’s modulusen.wikipedia.org
Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
What is the mechanical advantage
Effort arm / resistance arm
Levers can be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force
Effort further than the load from the fulcrum = mechanical advantage
Sections of the vertebrae
cervical thoracic lumbar sarcral coccyx
Describe the structure of a long bone
diaphysis - shaft/ log portion of bone
Epiphysis - round end of bone
Metaphysis- wider portion of long bone adjustment
Periosteum - outer surface of bone
Endosteum - thin layer of connective tissue that line the walls of medullary cavities
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Shoulder
Ball and socket
What is the functional role of the patella?
Its location allows it to serve the quads in a similar fashion to the work of a pulley by creating an improve angle of pull —- greater mechanical advantage when performing knee extension
What is foot pronation a combination of?
Abduction, eversion, dorsi flexion
What is foot supination a combination of?
Adduction, inversion, plantar flexion
Which structure deepens the cavity and increases the stability of the glenohumeral joint?
glenoid fossa
What axis and plane does the upward rotation of the scapula occur around?
transverse plane
vertical axis
Is the relationship between muscle tension and temperature positive or negative?
negative
as temperature of material increases with a constant stress, a slow continuous deformation is observed (creep)
