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PSYC 337 > Exam questions > Flashcards

Exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

Key chapters to review completely:
- chapter 2 (history)
- chapter 7 (mood disorders)
- chapter 13 (schizophrenia)
- chapter 15 (childhood disorders)

A
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2
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 26.2%
Lifetime: 46.4%

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3
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any anxiety disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 18.1%
Lifetime: 28.8%

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4
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any mood disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 9.5%
Lifetime: 20.8%

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5
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any substance-abuse disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 3.8%
Lifetime: 14.6%

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6
Q

Top 3 categories of mental disorders (National Comorbidity Survey)

A
  1. Any anxiety disorder
  2. Any mood disorder
  3. Any substance-abuse disorder
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7
Q

4 most common individual mental disorders (National Comorbidity Survey)

A
  1. MDD
  2. Alcohol abuse
  3. Specific phobia
  4. Social phobia
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8
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of MDD (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 6.7%
Lifetime: 16.6%

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9
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 3.1%
Lifetime: 13.2%

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10
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of specific phobias (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 8.7%
Lifetime: 12.5%

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11
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of social phobias (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 6.8%
Lifetime: 12.1%

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12
Q

1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of conduct disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)

A

1y: 1.0%
Lifetime: 9.5%

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13
Q

In National Comorbidity Survey, 12mo rates of serious mental disorders are _____% in adults and _______% in adolescents

A

5.8% in adults; 8.0% in adolescents
(more recents suggest this figure is 4%; most common in women, ppl under 50, bi/multi-racial)
- comorbidity especially high in severe mental disorders!

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14
Q

7 indicators of abnormality

A
  1. Subjective distress
  2. Maladaptiveness
  3. Statistical deviancy
  4. Violation of the standards of society
  5. Social discomfort (implicit social rules)
  6. Irrationality and Unpredictability
  7. Dangerousness
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15
Q

Article 1 (Jacobov et al.) - why would the authors have reported this?

A
  • perceived injustice might reflect enduring tendency to experience negative events as unjust
  • trait perceived injustice associated w higher ratings of pain intensity and anger
  • can use this knowledge in developing interventions for pain patients
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16
Q

Article 2 (Pavilanis et al., 2022)

A
  • associations between pain and PTSS and perceived injustice and PTSS
  • might need interventions for perceptions of perceived injustice to promote recovery of PTSS after occupational injury
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17
Q

Article 3 (Sullivan et al. 2020) - main finding

A
  • perceived injustice is a determinant of symptom severity in MDD
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18
Q

Article 4 (Sullivan 1989)

A
  • treatment of 63yo man w conversion disorder
  • non-threatening way of relinquishing symptoms (validated him and said physical treatment would lead to resolution of symptoms)
  • told him that continued treatment was contingent on improvement
  • interdisciplinary structure of rehab centre
  • shows that structured and directive rehab works!
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19
Q

Characteristics of DSM-5

A
  • provides info necessary to diagnose mental disorders
  • creates a common language
  • helps establish diagnostic accuracy and reliability
  • should be regarded as a work in progress
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20
Q

DSM5 definition of a mental disorder: Syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in ________, ________, or ________. These disturbances are thought to reflect a dysfunction in _______, _______, or ________ processes necessary for mental functioning.

A

Syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in BEHAVIOR, EMOTION REGULATION, or COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING. These disturbances are thought to reflect a dysfunction in BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, or DEVELOPMENTAL processes necessary for mental functioning.

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21
Q

Beck Depression Inventory

A
  • self-report measure of depression
  • questions about 2 week period
  • statements have different numerical weights
  • usually depression self-report scales ask about suicidal intention
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22
Q

Hamilton rating scale for depression

A
  • clinician completes it, not self-report scale
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23
Q

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale

A
  • self-report depression scale
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24
Q

Anxiety self-report scales

A
  • Beck, State
  • usually asks about degree and not frequency of symptoms (vs. depression)
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25
Q

PCL

A
  • PTSD checklist
  • self-report measure
  • asks about extent to which person is bothered by symptoms
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26
Q

PHQ-9

A
  • self-report questionnaire for depression
  • 0-20 scale; 0-9 is subclinical, 20+ is severe depression
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27
Q

T-IEQ

A
  • trait injustice experience questionnaire
  • trait injustice: extent to which individuals experience injustice in relation to adverse life experiences
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28
Q

OCI-R

A
  • self-report scale to assess OCD
  • asks how bothered person felt by symptoms in last month
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29
Q

SPS

A
  • social phobia scale
  • self-report
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30
Q

FMPS

A
  • Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
  • risk factor for depression
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31
Q

SSDS-W

A
  • self-report scale about dependency
  • risk factor for depression
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32
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • multidimensional scale, Hathaway and McKinley, 1943
  • used to be 550 items, now 366, can take more than 2h
  • used to be most widely used test of personality
  • looked at items that were typically linked to specific diagnoses (some patterns of responses more likely for certain groups of individuals)
  • many questions are super random
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33
Q

Validity scales of MMPI-2

A
  • Cannot say score (?)
  • Infrequency scale (F)
  • Infrequency scale (FB)
  • Lie scale (L)
  • Defensiveness scale (K)
  • Superlative Self-Preservation scale (S)
  • Response inconsistency scale (VRIN)
  • Response inconsistency scale (TRIN)
  • these try to catch people who respond with specific motivations that could distort responses
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34
Q

10 clinical scales of MMPI-2`

A

1: Hypochondriasis (Hs)
2: Depression (D)
3: Hysteria (Hy), eg ‘rose-coloured glasses’ or tendency to develop physical problems under stress
4: Psychopathic deviate (Pd), antisocial tendencies
5: Masculinity-femininity (Mf), gender-role reversal
6: Paranoia (Pa)
7: Psychasthenia (Pt), anxiety and obsessive/worrying behavior
8: Schizophrenia (Sc), peculiarities in thinking, feeling, and social behavior
9: Hypomania (Ma), unrealistically elated mood state, impulsive
10: Social introversion (Si)

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35
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A
  • show images and ask someone what it is about/what is happening in the story
  • pictures look like they are from old movies
  • psychoanalytical perspective: self report is subject to bias/defence mechanisms, projective tests and thematic apperception tests look at subconscious
  • reliability is pretty low (and therefore not valid)
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36
Q

WAIS-IV

A
  • most commonly used adult intelligence scale
  • Full-Scale IQ divides into Verbal IQ and Performance IQ
  • Verbal IQ divides into Verbal Comprehension Index and Working Memory Index
  • Performance IQ divides into Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index
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37
Q

Verbal comprehension index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of verbal IQ
  • vocabulary
  • similarities
  • information
  • comprehension
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38
Q

Working memory index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of verbal IQ
  • arithmetic
  • digit span
  • letter-number sequencing
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39
Q

Perceptual organization index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of performance IQ
  • picture completion
  • block design
  • matrix reasoning
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40
Q

Processing speed index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of performance IQ
  • digit symbol-coding
  • symbol search
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41
Q

BPRS

A
  • brief psychiatric rating scale
  • 16 items in 1962, now 24 items
  • assess symptoms like: anxiety, depression, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, hostility, suspiciousness, grandiosity, and unusual thought patterns
  • items can be probed for using semi-structured interview
  • useful for research and assessing symptom change over time
  • not used for diagnosis
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42
Q

Halstead-Reitan Battery

A
  • neuropsychological assessment
  • category test, tactual performance test, rhythm test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation task
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43
Q

ICD-11

A
  • International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
  • uses clinical prototypes
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44
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • electrical activity of brain measured w electrodes
  • good temporal resolution
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45
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A
  • x-ray measurements from various angles combine to provide more detailed info than a conventional x-ray
  • risks with radiation
  • images less detailed for soft tissues
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46
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • does not involve radiation and can be safely used w wide range of people
  • machine is a hollow cylinder w a strong magnet
  • magnetic pulse makes hydrogen atoms move
  • good spatial resolution
  • poor temporal resolution
  • sMRI: structural
  • fMRI: functional (measures neuronal activity via differences in how magnetic oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood is)
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47
Q

Positron emission tomography

A
  • way to examine how the brain is functioning
  • radioactive agents are injected and scanned
  • danger of radioactive material, takes longer than MRI
  • bad temporal resolution
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48
Q

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A
  • self-report checklist of common stressful life experiences
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49
Q

LEDS

A
  • Life Events and Difficulties Schedule
  • interview-based approach
  • includes extensive manual w rules for rating acute and chronic stress
  • allows rater to consider context in which events occur
50
Q

SAM system

A
  • role in stress response
  • sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
  • mobilizes resources and prepares for fight or flight
  • hypothalamus stimulates SNS, SNS causes adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, which cause increase in heart rate and glucose metabolism
51
Q

HPA system

A
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
  • stimulates SNS
  • releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which stimulates pituitary gland
  • pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which induces adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans)
52
Q

Developmental Systems approach

A
  • genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment
  • these influences are bidirectional
53
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A
  • psychological perspective
  • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (first)
  • later Ego Psychology (Anna Freud), Object-Relations Theory, Interpersonal Perspective (Alfred Adler), and Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)
54
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

A
  • behavior results from interaction of id, ego, and superego
  • if unresolved, conflict between the 3 lead to mental disorders
  • Id: instinctual drives (appears first in infancy), operates on pleasure principle
  • Ego: mediates demands of the id and realities of external world, operates on reality principle
  • Superego: conscience, morals, inner control system
55
Q

Ego psychology

A
  • part of psychoanalytic perspective
  • Anna Freud
  • ego in foreground of ego-defense mechanisms
  • important organizing role of ego in personality dev.
  • psychopathology develops when ego does not control/delay impulse gratification or does not use defense-mechanisms properly
56
Q

Object-Relations theory

A
  • part of psychodynamic perspective
  • focus on interactions of individual w real and imagined other ppl and on relationships ppl experience between external and internal objects (symbolic representations of ppl in child’s environment)
  • through introjection, child incorporates these objects into their personality
57
Q

Interpersonal perspective

A
  • part of psychodynamic perspective
  • Alfred Adler defected from Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
  • social and cultural forces rather than inner instincts as determinants of behavior
  • psychopathology is rooted in unfortunate tendencies we have developed while dealing w interpersonal environments
58
Q

Attachment theory

A
  • part of psychodynamic perspective
  • John Bowlby’s theory
  • emphasizes importance of early experience (esp. w attachment relationships) as foundation for later functioning
  • infant plays more active role in shaping her own development
59
Q

Humanistic perspective

A
  • views human nature as basically “good”
  • emphasizes present conscious processes
  • emphasis on ppls inherent capacity for responsible self-direction
  • focus on values and personal growth
  • Carl Rogers developed systematic formulation of self-concept
  • psychopathology is blocking or distortion of personal growth
60
Q

Existential perspective

A
  • less optimistic than humanistic perspective
  • emphasis on irrational tendencies and difficulties inherent in self-fulfillment
  • abnormal behavior seen as product of failure to deal constructively w existential despair and frustration
61
Q

Behavioral perspective

A
  • psychological perspective
  • reaction against unscientific methods of psychoanalysis
  • study of directly observable behavior + stimuli/reinforcing conditions that control it
  • developed through lab research, not clinical practice
  • Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura
62
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

A
  • focus on how thoughts and info processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior
  • Bandura (theory of self-efficacy), Beck (founder of cognitive therapy)
  • schemas and self-schemas
63
Q

Social perspective (+6 factors w negative effects on socioemotional development)

A
  • factors beyond our control in early childhood can deeply influence individuals
  • 6 main social factors with detrimental effects on socioemotional development: early deprivation/trauma, problems in parenting style, marital discord/divorce, low socioeconomic status/unemployment, maladaptive peer relationships, and prejudice/discrimination
64
Q

Cultural perspective

A
  • concerned w impact of culture on definition and manifestation of mental disorders
  • sociocultural factors can influence which disorders develop, forms they take, their courses, and prevalence
  • more favourable course of schizophrenia in developing countries vs developed
  • stress more tied to depression in western cultures
  • in japan secure attachment is being dependent and not outwardly expressing emotions
65
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • chain-like structures within cell nucleus that contain genes
  • each human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Down’s syndrome is caused by trisomy (3 chromosomes instead of 2) in chromosome 21
66
Q

Compulsions (in OCD)

A
  • overt repetitive behaviors performed as lengthy rituals (hand washing, checking, putting things in order over and over again)
  • may involve covert mental rituals (counting, praying, saying certain words silently over and over again)
  • usually feel driven to perform compulsion in response to obsession – compulsion suppresses obsession (obsessions are thoughts, images, impulses)
67
Q

Relapse vs. Recurrence

A
  • relapse: return of symptoms within short period of time (usually bc underlying episode has not yet run its course)
  • recurrence: onset of a new episode (40-50% of ppl who have one depressive episode have a recurrence)
68
Q

History of antidepressants

A
  • 1950s: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are first category of antidepressants (many side effects; involved not eating dairy or alcohol bc you could die)
  • 1960s-90s: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs); also anxiolytic effects; not super specific, affected norepinephrine system so created more side effects than treated symptoms (ex helps sleep so much its hard to get up in the morning)
  • side effects of TCAs led to prescribing of SSRIs
69
Q

Course of treatment with antidepressant drugs

A
  • block reuptake of serotonin as soon as you start taking
  • antidepressant effects only take hold 3-5 weeks later
  • suggested that antidepressants don’t change absolute level of neurotransmitters, but change how system is functioning
  • 50% of patients don’t respond to first drug prescribed
  • discontinuing drug when symptoms have remitted can cause relapse
  • biggest impact on highest levels of severity; not much difference between drug and placebo at lower levels
70
Q

Lupron and Depo-Provera

A

chemical castration

71
Q

Viagra

A

treatment for ED (started as heart meds)

72
Q

Thorazine and Haloperidol

A
  • 1st gen. antipsychotics used in schizophrenia treatment
  • work best for positive symptoms
  • lots of side effects
73
Q

Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Risperdal, Ziprasidone (Geodon), Seroquel, Abilify, Latuda

A
  • 2nd gen. antipsychotics used in schizophrenia treatment
  • less side-effects than 1st gen.
74
Q

What childhood disorder are Benzodiazepines and SSRIs most the most common treatment for?

A

childhood anxiety!

75
Q

Imipramine and Intranasal desmopressin

A

Imipramine: antidepressant used to treat Enuresis
Intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP): Enuresis treatment

76
Q

Ritalin (methylphenidate), Pemoline, Adderall

A

stimulants to treat ADHD

77
Q

Strattera

A

non-stimulant drug used to treat ADHD

78
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

A
  • causes vomiting when you drink
  • used to interrupt alcohol abuse cycle so ppl can do therapy
79
Q

Naltrexone

A

reduces craving for alcohol

80
Q

Valium, Diazepam

A

reduce withdrawal symptoms of alcohol abuse

81
Q

Methadone and Buprenorphine

A
  • both satisfy craving for heroin without producing serious psychological impairment
  • Buprenorphine: has fewer side effects than methadone and no physical dependence effect
82
Q

Naltrexone and Methadone are both used to treat which substance abuse disorder?

A

used to reduce cocaine use!

83
Q

SSRIs, 2nd gen. antipsychotics (Aripiprazol, Olanzapine), and mood stabilizers (Topiramate, Valproate, Lamotrigine) are all used in treating which disorder?

A
  • BPD!
  • little evidence they work well though
84
Q

Drugs used in anorexia treatment

A
  • antidepressants (but little evidence)
  • antipsychotic Olanzapine (helps w distorted beliefs ab body; weight gain is a side effect)
85
Q

Drugs used in bulimia treatment

A
  • antidepressants reduce frequency of binges and improve mood/preoccupations w body and weight
86
Q

Drugs used in binge-eating disorder treatment

A
  • antidepressants (bc high comorbidity)
  • appetite suppressants, anticonvulsants
87
Q

Orlistat (Xenical), lorcaserin (Belviq), Contrave

A
  • treatments of obesity!!
  • Orlistat reduced fat that can be absorbed in gut
  • lorcaserin targets serotonin
  • Contrave: Naltrexone (reduce craving) + bupropion (treats depression; helps smokers quit)
88
Q

MAOIs

A
  • monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  • developed in 1950s
  • treatment of depression
  • dangerous side effects
  • mostly just used in depression with atypical features
89
Q

TCAs (ex imipramine)

A
  • tricyclic antidepressants
  • treatment of choice for depression from 1960s-90s
  • increase neurotransmission of monoamines (mostly norepinephrine, kinda serotonin)
  • only 50% show clinically significant improvement on TCAs
  • some side effects, risk of overdose for suicidal patients
90
Q

SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Effexor)

A
  • selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
  • no more effective than TCAs but less side effects
  • used for severe and mild depression
91
Q

Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and venlafaxine (Effexor)

A
  • newer atypical antidepressants
  • Wellbutrin has less sex side effects; good for depression w weight gain, loss of energy, oversleeping
  • Effexor good for severe or chronic depression
92
Q

Lithium

A
  • mood stabilizer used in manic and depressive episodes of bipolar
  • might not be better than antidepressants in treating bipolar depression
  • taking lithium reduces risk that antidepressants will precipitate manic episode or rapid cycling
93
Q

Carbamazepine, divalproex, valproate

A
  • anticonvulsants used in treating bipolar
  • often effective for ppl who don’t respond well to lithium
  • 2-3x more risk of suicide vs lithium
94
Q

D-cycloserine

A
  • can enhance effectiveness of exposure therapy
95
Q

alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin)

A
  • anxiolytics from benzodiazepine category
  • lots of side effects; no longer first-choice treatment
96
Q

Buspirone

A
  • treatment for GAD
  • no physiological dependence; better effect on psychic anxiety than benzodiazepines
  • sometimes used in cannabis dependency
97
Q

clomipramine (Anafril) and fluoxetine (Prozac)

A
  • used to treat OCD
  • affect serotonin system
98
Q

Zoloft

A
  • antidepressant used to treat MDD, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety
99
Q

Distinctions between somatic disorders
(somatic symptom vs. illness anxiety; conversion; factitious)

A
  • somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety are very similar; both reflect health anxiety; avg. onset for both at 20y; main difference is SSD is more severe (more comorbid conditions and Dr. visits)
  • conversion disorder: neurological symptoms in absence of neurological diagnosis
  • factitious disorder: intentionally produces psychological and/or physical symptoms (different from malingering bc they receive no tangible external rewards)
100
Q

Dissociative conditions

A
  • disruptions in normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
  • might do this to escape stress
  • Depersonalization/derealization disorder (lose sense of self/place)
  • Dissociative amnesia (forget major parts of life; dissociative fugue is a subtype)
  • Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personalities)
101
Q

Trauma Theory and DID

A
  • DID starts in early childhood to protect individual from overwhelming sense of hopelessness/powerlessness
102
Q

Sociocognitive Theory and DID

A
  • DID develops when highly suggestible person learns to adopt and enact roles of multiple identities
  • mostly bc clinicians inadvertently reinforce/legitimize/suggest them
  • consistent with evidence of no clear DID symptoms prior to therapy and increase in # of alters throughout therapy
  • also consistent with increased DID, as more therapists become aware of condition
103
Q

Medical complications of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • mortality rate over 5x higher than for females 15-34
  • 3% of ppl with anorexia nervosa die
  • malnutrition takes toll on body
  • thiamin deficiency can lead to depression and cognitive changes
  • laxative abuse can lead to dehydration, kidney disease, damage to bowels/intestines
104
Q

Course and outcome of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • suicide 2nd highest cause of death after complications
  • 18x more likely to die by suicide
  • possible to become well again even after series of treatment failures
  • can still have food issues when they have become ‘well’
105
Q

Medical complications of Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • mortality rate ab 2x higher than comparable groups
  • calluses on hands from sticking fingers down throat
  • damage teeth bc of acidity of vomit (mouth ulcers and cavities)
  • often small red dots around eyes caused by pressure of throwing up
106
Q

Course and outcome of Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • long-term prognosis quite good, high rates of remission
  • can still have food issues when they have become ‘well’
  • suicide attempts in 25-30% of cases
107
Q

Course and outcome of binge-eating disorder

A
  • high rates of clinical remission
108
Q

Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

A
  • generally pessimistic ab potential of recovery
  • high therapy dropout rate
  • immediate concern to restore weight to non-life-threatening level
  • aggressive treatment efforts can backfire (eg hospitalization puts them around other anorexia patients, they want to be even thinner)
  • antidepressants may be used, no evidence for effectiveness
  • antipsychotic med olanzapine may be beneficial
  • family therapy pretty effective in adolescents (Maudsley Model, 6-12 months, work with family to change behaviors relating to feeding, works on relationships)
  • CBT has limited success (very effective in bulimia!)
109
Q

Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • use of antidepressants is common
  • goal to decrease frequency of binges, improve mood/preoccupation w shape/weight
  • CBT is leading treatment (better than meds)
  • behavioral component (meal planning, nutritional education, ending binge-purging cycles) and cognitive element (changing cognitions that perpetuate cycle)
110
Q

Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorders

A
  • antidepressants sometimes used (high comorbidity)
  • appetite suppressants and anticonvulsants also used
  • for racial/ethnic minorities interpersonal psychotherapy might work best
111
Q

Distinctions between personality disorders

A
  • Schizoid (A): inability/lack of desire to form attachment to others
  • Schizotypal (A): like mild schizophrenia
  • Paranoid (A): mistrust of others
  • Narcissistic (B): grandiose; lack of empathy
  • Histrionic (B): self-dramatization; irritable if don’t get attention; more likely than NPD to develop dependent relationships; want attention even if it’s not positive
  • Borderline (B): drastic mood shifts; fear of abandonment
  • Antisocial (B): lack of moral/ethical development, deceitfulness, manipulation, history of conduct problems
  • Avoidant (C): hypersensitive to rejection; want social connection but feel insecure
  • Dependent (C): diff. from BPD bc they react w submissiveness and appeasement if abandonment occurs and immediately seek out a new relationship
  • Obsessive-Compulsive (C): excessive concern w order/rules/details; not true compulsions/obsessions like in OCD
112
Q

Defining features of substance abuse disorders

A
  • abuse: excessive use of substance resulting in potentially hazardous behaviour; continued use despite problems
  • dependence: more severe forms of substance use disorders
  • most common substances of abuse are psychoactive (act on CNS; alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamines, heroin, ecstasy, marijuana)
113
Q

Dopamine theory of addiction

A
  • addiction is result of dysfunction of dopamine reward pathway
  • addictive drugs/behaviors activate reward pathway, increases likelihood of use and addiction
  • older theory, probably too simplistic
114
Q

Reward Deficiency Syndrome (theory of addiction)

A
  • addiction more likely in those who have deficient reward pathways (are less satisfied by natural rewards)
115
Q

Best treatments for cannabis dependency

A
  • psychological treatments shown to be effective (in adults); no specific approach shown to be best
  • pharmacotherapy not very effective
  • drug Buspirone showed slight improvement
116
Q

What happens if you take LSD for a long time?

A
  • repetitive use of LSD can lead to flashbacks weeks or months after taking the drug
    Abraham and Wolf study:
  • continued effects on visual function apparent at least 2y after LSD use for one week
  • subjects w history of LSD use had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and other visual problems!
117
Q

Schizophrenia risk factors (8)

A
  • having father over 50 (at conception)
  • parent in dry cleaning business
  • virus exposure
  • obstetric complications
  • urban upbringing
  • head injury
  • cannabis use
  • first/second generation immigrants (esp Black Caribbean/African ppl living in white communities)
118
Q

Categories of symptoms associated with schizophrenia (5)

A
  • delusions (firm belief despite contradictory evidence)
  • hallucinations (sensory experiences)
  • disorganized speech
  • grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior
  • negative symptoms (i.e. diminished emotional expression, alogia-little speech)
    (positive symptoms are an excess/distortion or behavior, negative symptoms are absence/deficit)
119
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • excess/distortion in normal behavior and experience
  • “what there is more of”
  • delusions, hallucinations
  • most medications work primarily on positive symptoms!
120
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • absence/deficit of normally present behaviors
  • reduced expressive behavior (ie blunted affect, alogia-little speech)
  • reduced motivation/experience of pleasure (avolition/anhedonia)
  • presence of negative symptoms not a good sign
121
Q

Treatments for ADHD

A
  • Ritalin is a stimulant that quiets child and lowers aggression, increases concentration
  • Pemoline and Adderall also stimulants; Straterra is non-stimulant and is less effective
  • methylphenidate has an energizing effect in most adults, not calming
  • some side effects (stomachache, nausea)
  • long-term: lower rates of substance abuse, car accidents, suicide
  • teaching organizational/planning skills, techniques for decreasing distractibility and procrastination
122
Q

Treatments for enuresis/encopresis

A

Enuresis
- can condition child to wake up when they need to pee (by using a pee pad connected to an alarm)
- medical treatment often antidepressant imipramine (lessens deep sleep to light sleep)
- intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP) also used to increase urine concentration and decrease volume
- frequent relapses when drugs are discontinued
Encopresis
- medication + conditioning have shown moderate success
- need to do physical exam to make sure physiological factors (constipation) aren’t contributing

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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