Exam questions Flashcards
1
Q
Key chapters to review completely:
- chapter 2 (history)
- chapter 7 (mood disorders)
- chapter 13 (schizophrenia)
- chapter 15 (childhood disorders)
A
2
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 26.2%
Lifetime: 46.4%
3
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any anxiety disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 18.1%
Lifetime: 28.8%
4
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any mood disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 9.5%
Lifetime: 20.8%
5
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of any substance-abuse disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 3.8%
Lifetime: 14.6%
6
Q
Top 3 categories of mental disorders (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
- Any anxiety disorder
- Any mood disorder
- Any substance-abuse disorder
7
Q
4 most common individual mental disorders (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
- MDD
- Alcohol abuse
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
8
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of MDD (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 6.7%
Lifetime: 16.6%
9
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 3.1%
Lifetime: 13.2%
10
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of specific phobias (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 8.7%
Lifetime: 12.5%
11
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of social phobias (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 6.8%
Lifetime: 12.1%
12
Q
1-year and Lifetime prevalence rate of conduct disorder (National Comorbidity Survey)
A
1y: 1.0%
Lifetime: 9.5%
13
Q
In National Comorbidity Survey, 12mo rates of serious mental disorders are _____% in adults and _______% in adolescents
A
5.8% in adults; 8.0% in adolescents
(more recents suggest this figure is 4%; most common in women, ppl under 50, bi/multi-racial)
- comorbidity especially high in severe mental disorders!
14
Q
7 indicators of abnormality
A
- Subjective distress
- Maladaptiveness
- Statistical deviancy
- Violation of the standards of society
- Social discomfort (implicit social rules)
- Irrationality and Unpredictability
- Dangerousness
15
Q
Article 1 (Jacobov et al.) - why would the authors have reported this?
A
- perceived injustice might reflect enduring tendency to experience negative events as unjust
- trait perceived injustice associated w higher ratings of pain intensity and anger
- can use this knowledge in developing interventions for pain patients
16
Q
Article 2 (Pavilanis et al., 2022)
A
- associations between pain and PTSS and perceived injustice and PTSS
- might need interventions for perceptions of perceived injustice to promote recovery of PTSS after occupational injury
17
Q
Article 3 (Sullivan et al. 2020) - main finding
A
- perceived injustice is a determinant of symptom severity in MDD
18
Q
Article 4 (Sullivan 1989)
A
- treatment of 63yo man w conversion disorder
- non-threatening way of relinquishing symptoms (validated him and said physical treatment would lead to resolution of symptoms)
- told him that continued treatment was contingent on improvement
- interdisciplinary structure of rehab centre
- shows that structured and directive rehab works!
19
Q
Characteristics of DSM-5
A
- provides info necessary to diagnose mental disorders
- creates a common language
- helps establish diagnostic accuracy and reliability
- should be regarded as a work in progress
20
Q
DSM5 definition of a mental disorder: Syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in ________, ________, or ________. These disturbances are thought to reflect a dysfunction in _______, _______, or ________ processes necessary for mental functioning.
A
Syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in BEHAVIOR, EMOTION REGULATION, or COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING. These disturbances are thought to reflect a dysfunction in BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, or DEVELOPMENTAL processes necessary for mental functioning.
21
Q
Beck Depression Inventory
A
- self-report measure of depression
- questions about 2 week period
- statements have different numerical weights
- usually depression self-report scales ask about suicidal intention
22
Q
Hamilton rating scale for depression
A
- clinician completes it, not self-report scale
23
Q
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
A
- self-report depression scale
24
Q
Anxiety self-report scales
A
- Beck, State
- usually asks about degree and not frequency of symptoms (vs. depression)
25
PCL
- PTSD checklist
- self-report measure
- asks about extent to which person is bothered by symptoms
26
PHQ-9
- self-report questionnaire for depression
- 0-20 scale; 0-9 is subclinical, 20+ is severe depression
27
T-IEQ
- trait injustice experience questionnaire
- trait injustice: extent to which individuals experience injustice in relation to adverse life experiences
28
OCI-R
- self-report scale to assess OCD
- asks how bothered person felt by symptoms in last month
29
SPS
- social phobia scale
- self-report
30
FMPS
- Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
- risk factor for depression
31
SSDS-W
- self-report scale about dependency
- risk factor for depression
32
MMPI-2
- multidimensional scale, Hathaway and McKinley, 1943
- used to be 550 items, now 366, can take more than 2h
- used to be most widely used test of personality
- looked at items that were typically linked to specific diagnoses (some patterns of responses more likely for certain groups of individuals)
- many questions are super random
33
Validity scales of MMPI-2
- Cannot say score (?)
- Infrequency scale (F)
- Infrequency scale (FB)
- Lie scale (L)
- Defensiveness scale (K)
- Superlative Self-Preservation scale (S)
- Response inconsistency scale (VRIN)
- Response inconsistency scale (TRIN)
- these try to catch people who respond with specific motivations that could distort responses
34
10 clinical scales of MMPI-2`
1: Hypochondriasis (Hs)
2: Depression (D)
3: Hysteria (Hy), eg 'rose-coloured glasses' or tendency to develop physical problems under stress
4: Psychopathic deviate (Pd), antisocial tendencies
5: Masculinity-femininity (Mf), gender-role reversal
6: Paranoia (Pa)
7: Psychasthenia (Pt), anxiety and obsessive/worrying behavior
8: Schizophrenia (Sc), peculiarities in thinking, feeling, and social behavior
9: Hypomania (Ma), unrealistically elated mood state, impulsive
10: Social introversion (Si)
35
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- show images and ask someone what it is about/what is happening in the story
- pictures look like they are from old movies
- psychoanalytical perspective: self report is subject to bias/defence mechanisms, projective tests and thematic apperception tests look at subconscious
- reliability is pretty low (and therefore not valid)
36
WAIS-IV
- most commonly used adult intelligence scale
- Full-Scale IQ divides into Verbal IQ and Performance IQ
- Verbal IQ divides into Verbal Comprehension Index and Working Memory Index
- Performance IQ divides into Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index
37
Verbal comprehension index (WAIS-IV)
- part of verbal IQ
- vocabulary
- similarities
- information
- comprehension
38
Working memory index (WAIS-IV)
- part of verbal IQ
- arithmetic
- digit span
- letter-number sequencing
39
Perceptual organization index (WAIS-IV)
- part of performance IQ
- picture completion
- block design
- matrix reasoning
40
Processing speed index (WAIS-IV)
- part of performance IQ
- digit symbol-coding
- symbol search
41
BPRS
- brief psychiatric rating scale
- 16 items in 1962, now 24 items
- assess symptoms like: anxiety, depression, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, hostility, suspiciousness, grandiosity, and unusual thought patterns
- items can be probed for using semi-structured interview
- useful for research and assessing symptom change over time
- not used for diagnosis
42
Halstead-Reitan Battery
- neuropsychological assessment
- category test, tactual performance test, rhythm test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation task
43
ICD-11
- International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
- uses clinical prototypes
44
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- electrical activity of brain measured w electrodes
- good temporal resolution
45
Computed tomography (CT)
- x-ray measurements from various angles combine to provide more detailed info than a conventional x-ray
- risks with radiation
- images less detailed for soft tissues
46
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- does not involve radiation and can be safely used w wide range of people
- machine is a hollow cylinder w a strong magnet
- magnetic pulse makes hydrogen atoms move
- good spatial resolution
- poor temporal resolution
- sMRI: structural
- fMRI: functional (measures neuronal activity via differences in how magnetic oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood is)
47
Positron emission tomography
- way to examine how the brain is functioning
- radioactive agents are injected and scanned
- danger of radioactive material, takes longer than MRI
- bad temporal resolution
48
Social Readjustment Rating Scale
- self-report checklist of common stressful life experiences
49
LEDS
- Life Events and Difficulties Schedule
- interview-based approach
- includes extensive manual w rules for rating acute and chronic stress
- allows rater to consider context in which events occur
50
SAM system
- role in stress response
- sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
- mobilizes resources and prepares for fight or flight
- hypothalamus stimulates SNS, SNS causes adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, which cause increase in heart rate and glucose metabolism
51
HPA system
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
- stimulates SNS
- releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which stimulates pituitary gland
- pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which induces adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans)
52
Developmental Systems approach
- genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment
- these influences are bidirectional
53
Psychodynamic perspective
- psychological perspective
- Freud's psychoanalytic theory (first)
- later Ego Psychology (Anna Freud), Object-Relations Theory, Interpersonal Perspective (Alfred Adler), and Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)
54
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
- behavior results from interaction of id, ego, and superego
- if unresolved, conflict between the 3 lead to mental disorders
- Id: instinctual drives (appears first in infancy), operates on pleasure principle
- Ego: mediates demands of the id and realities of external world, operates on reality principle
- Superego: conscience, morals, inner control system
55
Ego psychology
- part of psychoanalytic perspective
- Anna Freud
- ego in foreground of ego-defense mechanisms
- important organizing role of ego in personality dev.
- psychopathology develops when ego does not control/delay impulse gratification or does not use defense-mechanisms properly
56
Object-Relations theory
- part of psychodynamic perspective
- focus on interactions of individual w real and imagined other ppl and on relationships ppl experience between external and internal objects (symbolic representations of ppl in child's environment)
- through introjection, child incorporates these objects into their personality
57
Interpersonal perspective
- part of psychodynamic perspective
- Alfred Adler defected from Freud's psychoanalytic theory
- social and cultural forces rather than inner instincts as determinants of behavior
- psychopathology is rooted in unfortunate tendencies we have developed while dealing w interpersonal environments
58
Attachment theory
- part of psychodynamic perspective
- John Bowlby's theory
- emphasizes importance of early experience (esp. w attachment relationships) as foundation for later functioning
- infant plays more active role in shaping her own development
59
Humanistic perspective
- views human nature as basically "good"
- emphasizes present conscious processes
- emphasis on ppls inherent capacity for responsible self-direction
- focus on values and personal growth
- Carl Rogers developed systematic formulation of self-concept
- psychopathology is blocking or distortion of personal growth
60
Existential perspective
- less optimistic than humanistic perspective
- emphasis on irrational tendencies and difficulties inherent in self-fulfillment
- abnormal behavior seen as product of failure to deal constructively w existential despair and frustration
61
Behavioral perspective
- psychological perspective
- reaction against unscientific methods of psychoanalysis
- study of directly observable behavior + stimuli/reinforcing conditions that control it
- developed through lab research, not clinical practice
- Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura
62
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
- focus on how thoughts and info processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior
- Bandura (theory of self-efficacy), Beck (founder of cognitive therapy)
- schemas and self-schemas
63
Social perspective (+6 factors w negative effects on socioemotional development)
- factors beyond our control in early childhood can deeply influence individuals
- 6 main social factors with detrimental effects on socioemotional development: early deprivation/trauma, problems in parenting style, marital discord/divorce, low socioeconomic status/unemployment, maladaptive peer relationships, and prejudice/discrimination
64
Cultural perspective
- concerned w impact of culture on definition and manifestation of mental disorders
- sociocultural factors can influence which disorders develop, forms they take, their courses, and prevalence
- more favourable course of schizophrenia in developing countries vs developed
- stress more tied to depression in western cultures
- in japan secure attachment is being dependent and not outwardly expressing emotions
65
Chromosomes
- chain-like structures within cell nucleus that contain genes
- each human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Down's syndrome is caused by trisomy (3 chromosomes instead of 2) in chromosome 21
66
Compulsions (in OCD)
- overt repetitive behaviors performed as lengthy rituals (hand washing, checking, putting things in order over and over again)
- may involve covert mental rituals (counting, praying, saying certain words silently over and over again)
- usually feel driven to perform compulsion in response to obsession -- compulsion suppresses obsession (obsessions are thoughts, images, impulses)
67
Relapse vs. Recurrence
- relapse: return of symptoms within short period of time (usually bc underlying episode has not yet run its course)
- recurrence: onset of a new episode (40-50% of ppl who have one depressive episode have a recurrence)
68
History of antidepressants
- 1950s: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are first category of antidepressants (many side effects; involved not eating dairy or alcohol bc you could die)
- 1960s-90s: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs); also anxiolytic effects; not super specific, affected norepinephrine system so created more side effects than treated symptoms (ex helps sleep so much its hard to get up in the morning)
- side effects of TCAs led to prescribing of SSRIs
69
Course of treatment with antidepressant drugs
- block reuptake of serotonin as soon as you start taking
- antidepressant effects only take hold 3-5 weeks later
- suggested that antidepressants don't change absolute level of neurotransmitters, but change how system is functioning
- 50% of patients don't respond to first drug prescribed
- discontinuing drug when symptoms have remitted can cause relapse
- biggest impact on highest levels of severity; not much difference between drug and placebo at lower levels
70
Lupron and Depo-Provera
chemical castration
71
Viagra
treatment for ED (started as heart meds)
72
Thorazine and Haloperidol
- 1st gen. antipsychotics used in schizophrenia treatment
- work best for positive symptoms
- lots of side effects
73
Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Risperdal, Ziprasidone (Geodon), Seroquel, Abilify, Latuda
- 2nd gen. antipsychotics used in schizophrenia treatment
- less side-effects than 1st gen.
74
What childhood disorder are Benzodiazepines and SSRIs most the most common treatment for?
childhood anxiety!
75
Imipramine and Intranasal desmopressin
Imipramine: antidepressant used to treat Enuresis
Intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP): Enuresis treatment
76
Ritalin (methylphenidate), Pemoline, Adderall
stimulants to treat ADHD
77
Strattera
non-stimulant drug used to treat ADHD
78
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
- causes vomiting when you drink
- used to interrupt alcohol abuse cycle so ppl can do therapy
79
Naltrexone
reduces craving for alcohol
80
Valium, Diazepam
reduce withdrawal symptoms of alcohol abuse
81
Methadone and Buprenorphine
- both satisfy craving for heroin without producing serious psychological impairment
- Buprenorphine: has fewer side effects than methadone and no physical dependence effect
82
Naltrexone and Methadone are both used to treat which substance abuse disorder?
used to reduce cocaine use!
83
SSRIs, 2nd gen. antipsychotics (Aripiprazol, Olanzapine), and mood stabilizers (Topiramate, Valproate, Lamotrigine) are all used in treating which disorder?
- BPD!
- little evidence they work well though
84
Drugs used in anorexia treatment
- antidepressants (but little evidence)
- antipsychotic Olanzapine (helps w distorted beliefs ab body; weight gain is a side effect)
85
Drugs used in bulimia treatment
- antidepressants reduce frequency of binges and improve mood/preoccupations w body and weight
86
Drugs used in binge-eating disorder treatment
- antidepressants (bc high comorbidity)
- appetite suppressants, anticonvulsants
87
Orlistat (Xenical), lorcaserin (Belviq), Contrave
- treatments of obesity!!
- Orlistat reduced fat that can be absorbed in gut
- lorcaserin targets serotonin
- Contrave: Naltrexone (reduce craving) + bupropion (treats depression; helps smokers quit)
88
MAOIs
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- developed in 1950s
- treatment of depression
- dangerous side effects
- mostly just used in depression with atypical features
89
TCAs (ex imipramine)
- tricyclic antidepressants
- treatment of choice for depression from 1960s-90s
- increase neurotransmission of monoamines (mostly norepinephrine, kinda serotonin)
- only 50% show clinically significant improvement on TCAs
- some side effects, risk of overdose for suicidal patients
90
SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Effexor)
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- no more effective than TCAs but less side effects
- used for severe and mild depression
91
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and venlafaxine (Effexor)
- newer atypical antidepressants
- Wellbutrin has less sex side effects; good for depression w weight gain, loss of energy, oversleeping
- Effexor good for severe or chronic depression
92
Lithium
- mood stabilizer used in manic and depressive episodes of bipolar
- might not be better than antidepressants in treating bipolar depression
- taking lithium reduces risk that antidepressants will precipitate manic episode or rapid cycling
93
Carbamazepine, divalproex, valproate
- anticonvulsants used in treating bipolar
- often effective for ppl who don't respond well to lithium
- 2-3x more risk of suicide vs lithium
94
D-cycloserine
- can enhance effectiveness of exposure therapy
95
alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin)
- anxiolytics from benzodiazepine category
- lots of side effects; no longer first-choice treatment
96
Buspirone
- treatment for GAD
- no physiological dependence; better effect on psychic anxiety than benzodiazepines
- sometimes used in cannabis dependency
97
clomipramine (Anafril) and fluoxetine (Prozac)
- used to treat OCD
- affect serotonin system
98
Zoloft
- antidepressant used to treat MDD, OCD, panic disorder, social anxiety
99
Distinctions between somatic disorders
(somatic symptom vs. illness anxiety; conversion; factitious)
- somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety are very similar; both reflect health anxiety; avg. onset for both at 20y; main difference is SSD is more severe (more comorbid conditions and Dr. visits)
- conversion disorder: neurological symptoms in absence of neurological diagnosis
- factitious disorder: intentionally produces psychological and/or physical symptoms (different from malingering bc they receive no tangible external rewards)
100
Dissociative conditions
- disruptions in normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
- might do this to escape stress
- Depersonalization/derealization disorder (lose sense of self/place)
- Dissociative amnesia (forget major parts of life; dissociative fugue is a subtype)
- Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personalities)
101
Trauma Theory and DID
- DID starts in early childhood to protect individual from overwhelming sense of hopelessness/powerlessness
102
Sociocognitive Theory and DID
- DID develops when highly suggestible person learns to adopt and enact roles of multiple identities
- mostly bc clinicians inadvertently reinforce/legitimize/suggest them
- consistent with evidence of no clear DID symptoms prior to therapy and increase in # of alters throughout therapy
- also consistent with increased DID, as more therapists become aware of condition
103
Medical complications of Anorexia Nervosa
- mortality rate over 5x higher than for females 15-34
- 3% of ppl with anorexia nervosa die
- malnutrition takes toll on body
- thiamin deficiency can lead to depression and cognitive changes
- laxative abuse can lead to dehydration, kidney disease, damage to bowels/intestines
104
Course and outcome of Anorexia Nervosa
- suicide 2nd highest cause of death after complications
- 18x more likely to die by suicide
- possible to become well again even after series of treatment failures
- can still have food issues when they have become 'well'
105
Medical complications of Bulimia Nervosa
- mortality rate ab 2x higher than comparable groups
- calluses on hands from sticking fingers down throat
- damage teeth bc of acidity of vomit (mouth ulcers and cavities)
- often small red dots around eyes caused by pressure of throwing up
106
Course and outcome of Bulimia Nervosa
- long-term prognosis quite good, high rates of remission
- can still have food issues when they have become 'well'
- suicide attempts in 25-30% of cases
107
Course and outcome of binge-eating disorder
- high rates of clinical remission
108
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
- generally pessimistic ab potential of recovery
- high therapy dropout rate
- immediate concern to restore weight to non-life-threatening level
- aggressive treatment efforts can backfire (eg hospitalization puts them around other anorexia patients, they want to be even thinner)
- antidepressants may be used, no evidence for effectiveness
- antipsychotic med olanzapine may be beneficial
- family therapy pretty effective in adolescents (Maudsley Model, 6-12 months, work with family to change behaviors relating to feeding, works on relationships)
- CBT has limited success (very effective in bulimia!)
109
Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
- use of antidepressants is common
- goal to decrease frequency of binges, improve mood/preoccupation w shape/weight
- CBT is leading treatment (better than meds)
- behavioral component (meal planning, nutritional education, ending binge-purging cycles) and cognitive element (changing cognitions that perpetuate cycle)
110
Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorders
- antidepressants sometimes used (high comorbidity)
- appetite suppressants and anticonvulsants also used
- for racial/ethnic minorities interpersonal psychotherapy might work best
111
Distinctions between personality disorders
- Schizoid (A): inability/lack of desire to form attachment to others
- Schizotypal (A): like mild schizophrenia
- Paranoid (A): mistrust of others
- Narcissistic (B): grandiose; lack of empathy
- Histrionic (B): self-dramatization; irritable if don't get attention; more likely than NPD to develop dependent relationships; want attention even if it's not positive
- Borderline (B): drastic mood shifts; fear of abandonment
- Antisocial (B): lack of moral/ethical development, deceitfulness, manipulation, history of conduct problems
- Avoidant (C): hypersensitive to rejection; want social connection but feel insecure
- Dependent (C): diff. from BPD bc they react w submissiveness and appeasement if abandonment occurs and immediately seek out a new relationship
- Obsessive-Compulsive (C): excessive concern w order/rules/details; not true compulsions/obsessions like in OCD
112
Defining features of substance abuse disorders
- abuse: excessive use of substance resulting in potentially hazardous behaviour; continued use despite problems
- dependence: more severe forms of substance use disorders
- most common substances of abuse are psychoactive (act on CNS; alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamines, heroin, ecstasy, marijuana)
113
Dopamine theory of addiction
- addiction is result of dysfunction of dopamine reward pathway
- addictive drugs/behaviors activate reward pathway, increases likelihood of use and addiction
- older theory, probably too simplistic
114
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (theory of addiction)
- addiction more likely in those who have deficient reward pathways (are less satisfied by natural rewards)
115
Best treatments for cannabis dependency
- psychological treatments shown to be effective (in adults); no specific approach shown to be best
- pharmacotherapy not very effective
- drug Buspirone showed slight improvement
116
What happens if you take LSD for a long time?
- repetitive use of LSD can lead to flashbacks weeks or months after taking the drug
Abraham and Wolf study:
- continued effects on visual function apparent at least 2y after LSD use for one week
- subjects w history of LSD use had reduced visual sensitivity to light during dark adaptation and other visual problems!
117
Schizophrenia risk factors (8)
- having father over 50 (at conception)
- parent in dry cleaning business
- virus exposure
- obstetric complications
- urban upbringing
- head injury
- cannabis use
- first/second generation immigrants (esp Black Caribbean/African ppl living in white communities)
118
Categories of symptoms associated with schizophrenia (5)
- delusions (firm belief despite contradictory evidence)
- hallucinations (sensory experiences)
- disorganized speech
- grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms (i.e. diminished emotional expression, alogia-little speech)
(positive symptoms are an excess/distortion or behavior, negative symptoms are absence/deficit)
119
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- excess/distortion in normal behavior and experience
- "what there is more of"
- delusions, hallucinations
- most medications work primarily on positive symptoms!
120
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- absence/deficit of normally present behaviors
- reduced expressive behavior (ie blunted affect, alogia-little speech)
- reduced motivation/experience of pleasure (avolition/anhedonia)
- presence of negative symptoms not a good sign
121
Treatments for ADHD
- Ritalin is a stimulant that quiets child and lowers aggression, increases concentration
- Pemoline and Adderall also stimulants; Straterra is non-stimulant and is less effective
- methylphenidate has an energizing effect in most adults, not calming
- some side effects (stomachache, nausea)
- long-term: lower rates of substance abuse, car accidents, suicide
- teaching organizational/planning skills, techniques for decreasing distractibility and procrastination
122
Treatments for enuresis/encopresis
Enuresis
- can condition child to wake up when they need to pee (by using a pee pad connected to an alarm)
- medical treatment often antidepressant imipramine (lessens deep sleep to light sleep)
- intranasal desmopressin (DDAVP) also used to increase urine concentration and decrease volume
- frequent relapses when drugs are discontinued
Encopresis
- medication + conditioning have shown moderate success
- need to do physical exam to make sure physiological factors (constipation) aren't contributing
