Chapter 10 Flashcards
Clinical features of personality disorders
- 1 in 10 people have a personality disorder
- chronic interpersonal difficulties, problems w identity/sense of self, inability to function adequately in society
- diagnosed when pervasive and inflexible, as well as stable and of long duration
- clinically significant distress/impairment in functioning in 2+ of cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control
- not stress induced; gradual development
- often cause at least as much difficulty in lives of others
____% of people meet criteria for at least one personality disorder for behavior in last 2-5 years
10-12% (Cluster C > Cluster A > Cluster B)
Cluster A of pds
- paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
- males overrepresented
Cluster B of pds
- histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, borderline
- very dramatic PDs
Cluster C of pds
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Core feature of personality disorders
rigidity! (inflexibility in orientation to world; problem bc we live in a changing world w changing demands)
Paranoid PD
- Hitler
- Cluster A
- suspiciousness, mistrust of others, see self as blameless, on guard
- quick to anger; interpersonal difficulties
- elevated liability for schizophrenia
- modest genetic liability; parental neglect/abuse; exposure to violent adults
- symptoms increase after TBI, are high in chronic cocaine users
- 1.5% point prevalence
- males = females
Schizoid PD
- impaired social relationships
- Cluster A
- inability/lack of desire to form attachment to others
- not very emotionally reactive
- low E, low O, low nAch
- high heritability
- might precede psychotic illness; links to ASD
- 1.2% point prevalence
- males > females
Schizotypal PD
- Kramer, Doc Brown
- Cluster A
- can be thought of as an attenuated form of schizophrenia; not adequately explained by 5FM
- involves cognitive problems
- peculiar thought patterns, oddities of perception and speech that interfere w communication/social interaction
- may experience transient psychotic symptoms/believe they have magic powers
- moderately heritable, often in relatives of someone w schizophrenia
- 1.1% point prevalence
- males > females
Histrionic PD
- Paris Hilton
- Cluster B
- lively, dramatic, excessively extraverted
- need to be center of attention
- self-dramatization, overconcern w attractiveness, tendency to irritability if attention seeking is frustrated
- extreme E and N
- comorbid w borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and dependent personality disorder diagnoses
- might be underlying genetic predisposition that links to antisocial (men) and histrionic (women)
- 1.2% point prevalence (decreasing)
- females > males (might be biased)
- was recommended to be removed in DSM5
Narcissistic PD
- Trump
- Cluster B
- 2 subtypes: grandiose and vulnerable
- grandiosity, attention-seeking, self-promoting, lack of empathy
- point prevalence under 1%
- males > females
- least likely to come to therapy bc they think they are god’s gift to the world and don’t need to change
Antisocial PD
- Joker
- Cluster B
- lack of moral/ethical development, deceitfulness, manipulation, history of conduct problems as child
- need to be 18+ for diagnosis, but shown symptoms of conduct disorder before 15 (younger the start, higher the risk)
- ADHD can be a precursor (ADHD + conduct disorder is highest risk group)
- moderate heritability, gene might also link to alcoholism
- environment interacts w genetic predisposition
- point prevalence 1% females, 3% males
- males > females
- over 80% of incarcerated populations
Borderline PD
- Cluster B
- impulsiveness, inappropriate anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feelings of boredom, attempts at SH or suicide (1/4), fear of abandonment
- good at detecting anger on faces, also detect anger in neutral faces
- associated w major depressive disorder, mania, panic disorder, agoraphobia, GAD, and PTSD
- high N, low A, low C
- runs in families, genes account for 40% BUT environmental factors more important
- 1.4% point prevalence
- females = males
Avoidant PD
- Michael Jackson
- Cluster C
- hypersensitivity to rejection, shyness, insecurity in social interactions/initiating relationships
- want social connection but feel insecure (diff from schizoid)
- almost all cases have comorbid social anxiety disorder (might be severe form of social AD)
- might be linked to inhibited temperament (diathesis?)
- 2.5% point prevalence
- females > males
Dependent PD
- Buster
- Cluster C
- difficulty in separating in relationships, discomfort at being alone, subordination of needs to keep others in relationship, indecisiveness
- high N, high A
- comorbid w mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, somatic symptom disorders, schizoid, avoidant, borderline, and histrionic personality disorders
- diff. from BPD bc they react w submissiveness and appeasement if abandonment occurs and immediately seek out a new relationship
- 30-60% of variance attributable to genetics
- 1% point prevalence
- females > males
Obsessive Compulsive PD
- Steve Jobs
- Cluster C
- excessive concern w order/rules/details, perfectionistic, lack of expressiveness/warmth, difficulty relaxing
- high C
- modest genetic influence
- 2.1 point prevalence
- males (slightly) > females
- not true compulsions/obsessions/rituals like in OCD
- 20% of OCD patients have OCPD
- 20-61% of people with anorexia nervosa have OCPD
Difficulties in diagnosing PDs
- criteria not as sharply defined
- reliability and validity low despite use of semi-structured interview and self-reports
- no unified dimensional classification
- focus on dev. approach to integrate many existing approaches; five-factor model most influential
5-Factor Model - Dimensional approaches to diagnosing PDs
- negative affectivity (extreme neuroticism)
- detachment (extreme introversion)
- antagonism (extremely low agreeableness)
- disinhibition (extremely low conscientiousness)
Sociocultural causal factors of PDs
- less variance across cultures than within cultures
- narcissistic PD more common in Western cultures
- histrionic personality less common in Asian cultures, more common in Hispanic cultures(and maybe African American women)
- increases in emotion dysregulation and impulsive behaviors may be related to increases in the prevalence of borderline and ASPDs
Causes of PDs
- difficulties in studying the causes of PDs
- high comorbidity among disorders
- biological: temperament might predispose us to traits/disorders
- psychodynamic: excessive/insufficient gratification of impulses in first years of life
- learning based: habit patterns; maladaptive cognitive styles
Treatment Outcomes for PDs
- hard to treat, don’t want to change
- goals include reducing subjective distress (esp. BPD), changing dysfunctional behaviors/structure of personality
- often go to treatment bc someone made them
- might have hard time forming therapeutic relationship (esp. for Cluster A or B)
Adaption of Therapeutic Techniques for PDs
- individual therapy might encourage dependence if already dependent
- anxious/fearful Cluster C patients might be hypersensitive to perceived criticism from therapist
- cognitive therapy increasingly used
Core belief - Paranoid
I cannot trust people
Core belief - Schizoid
Relationships are messy, undesirable