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PSYC 337 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Edwin Smith papyrus

A
  • Egyptian papyrus from 16th century B.C.
  • detailed descriptions of treatments of wounds and other surgical operations
  • brain is described for possibly first time in history and is described as site of mental functions
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2
Q

Ebers papyrus

A
  • Egyptian papyrus from 16th century B.C.
  • covers internal medicine and circulatory system
  • relies on incantations/magic for explaining/curing diseases w unknown causes
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3
Q

In early writings, the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks attributed abnormal behavior to…

A

a demon or god who had taken possession of a person. (primary treatment for demonic possession was exorcism)

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4
Q

Shift in understanding mental disorders from supernatural forces to problems in the human body

A
  • ancient Greeks, around 400 B.C.E.
  • Hippocrates (father of modern medicine) widely considered responsible for shift
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5
Q

Hippocrates’ 3 categories of mental disorders

A
  • mania
  • melancholia
  • phrenitis (brain fever)
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6
Q

Hippocrates/Galen doctrine of 4 humors

A
  • four elements combined to form 4 essential fluids of the body: blood (sanguis), phlegm, bile (choler), and black bile (melancholic)
  • these fluids combine in different proportions in different individuals and temperament is determined by dominant humor!
  • Hippocrates also thought dreams were important in understanding personality
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7
Q

Plato (429-347 B.C)

A
  • Greek philosopher
  • viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism (reflecting its natural state and natural appetites)
  • took into account sociocultural influences in shaping thinking and behavior
  • ideas about treatment similar to psychotherapy
  • believed that mental disorders were in part divinely caused
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8
Q

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)

A
  • classified mental disorders into 3 categories (mania, melancholia, phrenitis)
  • relied heavily on clinical observations
  • mental disorders have natural causes (are due to brain pathology) and have appropriate treatments
  • emphasized importance of heredity in development of mental disorders
  • little knowledge of physiology (ex thought hysteria was bc of uterus wandering)
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9
Q

Aristotle (384-322 B.C)

A
  • pupil of Plato
  • “thinking” as directed will eliminate pain and help attain pleasure
  • generally subscribed to Hippocratic theory of disturbances in the bile
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10
Q

Galen (A.D. 130-200)

A
  • one of most influential Greek physicians (practiced in Rome)
  • dissected animals to learn about anatomy of nervous system
  • divided causes of psychological disorders into physical and mental categories
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11
Q

Early Chinese conceptualizations of abnormal behavior

A
  • one of earliest developed civilizations that brought attention to medicine and mental disorders
  • yin and yang are positive and negative forces in the body that must be balanced
  • Chung Ching (Hippocrates of China) also based views on clinical observations; believed stressful psychological conditions could cause organ pathologies; treatments (like Hippocrates) used drugs and regaining of emotional balance through appropriate activities
  • from 2nd to 9th century, views regressed to implicating supernatural forces
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12
Q

Views of abnormality during the Middle Ages (A.D. 500 - A.D. 1500)

A
  • more scientific aspects of Greek medicine survived in Islamic countries of Middle East
  • first mental hospital established in Baghdad in A.D. 792
  • Avicenna from Persia (‘prince of physicians’) author of The Canon of Medicine
  • middle ages in Europe relatively devoid of scientific thinking and humane treatment
  • witchcraft was not really associated with mental illness!
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13
Q

Humanism

A
  • Latter part of Middle Ages and early Renaissance (1500s and 1600s)
  • movement emphasizing importance of specifically human interests and concerns
  • challenged superstitious beliefs
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14
Q

Paracelsus (1490-1541)

A
  • Swiss physician
  • early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession
  • formulated idea of psychic causes for mental illness
  • advocated for treatment by ‘bodily magnetism’ (hypnosis)
  • he thought the moon exerted supernatural influence on the brain
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15
Q

Johann Weyer (1515-1588)

A
  • German physicial and writer’
  • disturbed by torture/burning of people whose strange behavior led them to be accused of witchcraft
  • argued those accused of witchcraft were mentally ill
  • one of first physicians to specialize in study/treatment of mental disorders (founder of modern psychopathology!)
  • scorned by peers, works banned by church
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16
Q

Early Asylums

A
  • beginning in 16th century
  • places of refuge for care of those with mental illness
  • created to remove troublesome individuals from community
  • residents often lived in conditions of incredible filth and cruelty
  • 1768: first US hospital dedicated to mental illness
17
Q

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

A
  • French physician placed in charge of mental hospital La Bicetre
  • removed chains from patients and allowed better living conditions (good results!)
18
Q

William Tuke (1732-1822)

A
  • English Quaker established York retreat for patients with mental illness
  • thought kindness and acceptance would help people with mental illness
19
Q

Lunacy Inquiry Act (1842)

A
  • lobbied for by Thomas Wakley
  • ensured inspections of asylums and houses every 4 months
20
Q

County Asylums Act (1845)

A
  • required every county in England to provide asylum to those with mental illness
  • policy of humane treatment extended to colonies
21
Q

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

A
  • founder of American psychiatry
  • encouraged more humane treatment of those with mental illness
  • BUT medical theory included components from astrology and he would use bloodletting and restraints as treatment
22
Q

Moral management

A
  • wide-ranging method of treatment that focused on patient’s social, individual, and occupational needs
  • became widespread in early part of humanitarian reform
23
Q

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

A
  • important driving force in humane treatment for psychiatric patients
  • grew the mental hygiene movement (advocated for method of treatment focused almost exclusively on physical well-being of hospitalized patients)
24
Q

Alienists

A
  • name for psychiatrists in nineteenth century
  • gradually gained control of mental asylums and used traditional moral management therapy
  • considered conditions like melancholia to be the result of nervous exhaustion
25
Q

Clifford Beers (1876-1943)

A
  • followed pioneering work of Dix
  • described own struggles with mistreatment in mental institutions
  • won support of many influential people including William James and Adolf Meyer
26
Q

National Institutes of Mental Health (est. 1946)

A
  • provided active support for research and training (psychiatric residencies and clinical psyc training programs)
27
Q

Hill-Burton Act (1946 ish) and Community Mental Health Act of 1963

A
  • far-reaching programs to develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, inpatient facilities in general hospitals, and community consultation and rehab programs
28
Q

Need for reform in psychiatric hospitals

A
  • prominent concern of many professionals and laypeople in 1950s and 1960s
  • movement enhanced by scientific advances like antipsychotics and mood stabilizers
29
Q

Deinstitutionalization Movement

A
  • from 1950s to 1980s
  • vigorous efforts made to shut down mental hospitals and return psychiatric patients to community to provide more integrated humane treatment
  • hope that new meds would allow patients to live productive lives outside of the hospital
  • accompanied by rise in imprisonment which was problematic
30
Q

General Paresis

A
  • syphilis of the brain
  • brain deterioration that caused paralysis, mood changes, seizures, and death within 2-5 years
  • A.L.J Bayle (identified disorder)
  • Richard Von Krafft-Ebing (est. relationship between paresis and syphilis)
  • August von Wasserman (blood test)
  • Julius von Wagner-Jauregg (malarial treatment)
  • 1925 hospitals used malarial treatment
  • now use penicillin
31
Q

Chlorpromazine

A
  • beginning of newer phase in dev. of psychotropic medicine starting 1950s
  • drug found to be effective at rapidly reducing psychotic and manic symptoms but has side effects
  • blocks neurotransmitter dopamine
  • newer antipsychotic meds (clozapine) block dopamine and serotonin
32
Q

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

A
  • German psychiatrist with big role in development of methods for classifying abnormal behavior
  • created scheme of classification that is the basis of system used today
  • mental disorders are distinct and have distinct and predictable causes
33
Q

Sigmung Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • developed comprehensive theory of psychopathology (psychodynamics)
  • method of treatment and study of patients called psychoanalysis
34
Q

Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)

A
  • Austrian physician further dev. ideas of Paracelsus ab influence of planets over the human body
  • planets affect a universal magnetic fluid in the body, the distribution of which determine health or disease
  • we can use magnetic forces to cure disease (he used a wand lol)
  • magnetized objects didnt actually help, but it worked if the people believed that they would (power of suggestion)
  • techniques known as MESMERISM
35
Q

Catharsis

A
  • discharge of emotional tension associated with something, such as by talking about past traumas
  • Freud and Breuer had patients talk ab problems while hypnotized so they could wake up and feel catharsis afterwards
  • led to discovery of the unconscious
36
Q

Free associaton

A
  • method used by Freud in which patients talk freely ab feelings and motives
37
Q

Dream analysis

A
  • method used by Freud involved having patients record and describe their dreams
38
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

A
  • established first experimental psyc lab at University of Leipzig (1879)
  • devised many basic experimental methods and strategies
  • influenced early contributors to study of abnormal behavior like William James and G. Stanley Hall
39
Q

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)

A
  • Student of Wilhelm Wundt
  • founder of clinical psychology
  • established first American psychological clinic at Uni of Pennsylvania

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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