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PSYC 337 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological assessment

A
  • procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observations, and interviews, develop a summary of a client’s symptoms and problems
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2
Q

Clinical diagnosis

A
  • process through which a clinician evaluates and classifies the patient’s symptoms according to a clearly defined diagnostic system (like DSM-5)
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3
Q

Reliability (internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater reliability)

A
  • degree to which an assessment measure produces same result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing
  • internal consistency (degree to which items on scale are assessing same construct)
  • test-retest reliability (if test result gives similar value accross time)
  • inter-rater reliability (measure of agreement between different raters who assess the same person)
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4
Q

Validity

A
  • extent to which measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure
  • in testing/classification – degree to which a measure tells us something additional and meaningful ab person now or helps predict future course of disorder
  • validity presupposes reliability
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5
Q

Chronbach’s alpha

A
  • how closely related a set of items are as a group
  • measure of scale reliability
  • score over 0.7 is acceptable (some suggest 0.9 to 0.95)
  • larger number of items in test can result in larger alpha
  • high alpha may indicate redundant questions
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6
Q

Construct validity

A
  • ensuring that method of measurement matches construct you want to measure
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7
Q

Content validity

A
  • content of test covers all relevant parts of subject it aims to measure
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8
Q

Criterion validity

A
  • how closely results of test correspond to results of a different test
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9
Q

Standardization

A
  • procedure for establishing the expected performance range on a test
  • ex IQ test build to have mean of 100
  • many psychological tests are standardized so we can compare results to reference population (normative sample)
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10
Q

Presenting problem

A
  • major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing
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11
Q

Cultural competence

A
  • psychologist’s need to be informed of issues involved in multicultural assessment
  • important to consider various test factors, test-taking abilities, and other characteristics of person being assessed
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12
Q

Biologically oriented clinician focus

A
  • typically psychiatrist or other medical practitioner
  • assessment methods aimed at determining underlying biological factors that may be causing the maladaptive behavior
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13
Q

Psychodynamic or psychoanalytically oriented clinician focus

A
  • may use unstructured personality assessment techniques (like Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test) to identity intrapsychic conflicts
  • may simply continue with therapy and expect conflicts to emerge
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14
Q

Behaviorally oriented clinician focus

A
  • techniques like behavioral observation and self-monitoring to identify learned maladaptive patterns
  • try to determine functional relationships between environmental events or reinforcements and the abnormal behavior
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15
Q

Structured assessment interviews

A
  • follow predetermined format
  • questions structured to allow responses to be quantified or clearly determined
  • can be used by clinicians or people with no clinical training
  • maximizes reliability
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16
Q

Cognitively oriented clinician focus

A
  • determine functional relationships between thoughts, emotions, and abnormal behavior
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17
Q

Limits on client-clinician confidentiality

A
  • report intent to harm self or others
  • behavior suggestive of child abuse
  • (in some jurisdictions) if they threaten action that would be breaking the law
  • not so much laws, but guidelines
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18
Q

Sources of assessment information

A
  • client file or chart
  • referral letter
  • family member reporting (children)
  • client behavior during session
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19
Q

Semi-structured assessment interviews

A
  • interviewer asks questions in specific order and in specific way but asks own follow-up questions
  • should only be done by those with extensive training
  • diagnoses have greater validity
  • longer and more training needed
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20
Q

Unstructured assessment interview

A
  • subjective, no predetermined set of questions
  • can miss important info needed for DSM diagnosis
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21
Q

Beck Depression Inventory

A
  • self-report measure of depression
  • questions about 2 week period
  • statements have different numerical weights
  • usually depression self-report scales ask about suicidal intention
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22
Q

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

A
  • clinician completes it, not self-report scale
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23
Q

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale

A
  • self-report depression scale
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24
Q

Anxiety self-report scales

A
  • Beck, State
  • usually asks about degree and not frequency of symptoms (vs. depression)
25
Q

PCL

A
  • PTSD checklist
  • self-report measure
  • asks about extent to which person is bothered by symptoms
26
Q

PHQ-9

A
  • self-report questionnaire for depression
  • 0-20 scale; 0-9 is subclinical, 20+ is severe depression
27
Q

T-IEQ

A
  • trait injustice experience questionnaire
  • trait injustice: extent to which individuals experience injustice in relation to adverse life experiences
28
Q

OCI-R

A
  • self-report scale to assess OCD
  • asks how bothered person felt by symptoms in last month
29
Q

SPS

A
  • social phobia scale
  • self-report
30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of self-report questionnaires

A
  • can get a lot of info very quickly (client can fill out outside of session time)
  • yield high rate of false positive diagnoses (cannot use for diagnosis)
  • best used as measures of symptom severity
31
Q

FMPS

A
  • Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
  • risk factor for depression
32
Q

SSDS-W

A
  • self-report scale about dependency
  • risk factor for depression
33
Q

Real-time monitoring methods

A
  • ie wearable devices that beep at random times to tell you to respond to questionnaire ab how you feel at that moment
34
Q

MMPI-2

A
  • multidimensional scale, Hathaway and McKinley, 1943
  • used to be 550 items, now 366, can take more than 2h
  • used to be most widely used test of personality
  • looked at items that were typically linked to specific diagnoses (some patterns of responses more likely for certain groups of individuals)
  • many questions are super random
35
Q

Validity Scales of MMPI-2

A
  • Cannot say score (?)
  • Infrequency scale (F)
  • Infrequency scale (FB)
  • Lie scale (L)
  • Defensiveness scale (K)
  • Superlative Self-Preservation scale (S)
  • Response inconsistency scale (VRIN)
  • Response inconsistency scale (TRIN)
  • these try to catch people who respond with specific motivations that could distort responses
36
Q

10 Clinical scales of MMPI-2

A

1: Hypochondriasis (Hs)
2: Depression (D)
3: Hysteria (Hy), eg ‘rose-coloured glasses’ or tendency to develop physical problems under stress
4: Psychopathic deviate (Pd), antisocial tendencies
5: Masculinity-femininity (Mf), gender-role reversal
6: Paranoia (Pa)
7: Psychasthenia (Pt), anxiety and obsessive/worrying behavior
8: Schizophrenia (Sc), peculiarities in thinking, feeling, and social behavior
9: Hypomania (Ma), unrealistically elated mood state, impulsive
10: Social introversion (Si)

37
Q

Thematic apperception test

A
  • show images and ask someone what it is about/what is happening in the story
  • pictures look like they are from old movies
  • psychoanalytical perspective: self report is subject to bias/defence mechanisms, projective tests and thematic apperception tests look at subconscious
  • reliability is pretty low (and therefore not valid)
38
Q

Neuropsychological assessment

A
  • measure cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance
  • can help to identify brain damage
  • standardized, performance compared to normative standards
39
Q

WAIS-IV

A
  • most commonly used adult intelligence scale
  • Full-Scale IQ divides into Verbal IQ and Performance IQ
  • Verbal IQ divides into Verbal Comprehension Index and Working Memory Index
  • Performance IQ divides into Perceptual Organization Index and Processing Speed Index
40
Q

Verbal Comprehension Index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of verbal IQ
  • vocabulary
  • similarities
  • information
  • comprehension
41
Q

Working Memory Index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of verbal IQ
  • arithmetic
  • digit span
  • letter-number sequencing
42
Q

Perceptual Organization Index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of performance IQ
  • picture completion
  • block design
  • matrix reasoning
43
Q

Processing Speed Index (WAIS-IV)

A
  • part of performance IQ
  • digit symbol-coding
  • symbol search
44
Q

Symptom

A
  • patient’s subjective description of what is wrong
45
Q

Signs

A
  • objective or visual indicators of a problem
46
Q

Evolution of the DSM

A
  • each new iteration is more evidence based
  • DSM-IV relaxed thresholds for several disorders, increased number of diagnoses (concerns that normal behavior is becoming overmedicalized)
47
Q

BPRS

A
  • brief psychiatric rating scale
  • 16 items in 1962, now 24 items
  • assess symptoms like: anxiety, depression, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, hostility, suspiciousness, grandiosity, and unusual thought patterns
  • items can be probed for using semi-structured interview
  • useful for research and assessing symptom change over time
  • not used for diagnosis
48
Q

3 examples of intelligence tests used in clinical practice

A
  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
  • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
49
Q

Projective personality tests

A
  • use various ambiguous stimuli that subject is encouraged to interpret
  • personality characteristics are analyzed based on responses
50
Q

Halstead-Reitan Battery

A
  • neuropsychological assessment
  • category test, tactual performance test, rhythm test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation task
51
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • electrical activity of brain measured w electrodes
  • good temporal resolution
52
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A
  • x-ray measurements from various angles combine to provide more detailed info than a conventional x-ray
  • risks with radiation
  • images less detailed for soft tissues
53
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • does not involve radiation and can be safely used w wide range of people
  • machine is a hollow cylinder w a strong magnet
  • magnetic pulse makes hydrogen atoms move
  • good spatial resolution
  • poor temporal resolution
  • sMRI: structural
  • fMRI: functional (measures neuronal activity via differences in how magnetic oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood is)
54
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A
  • way to examine how the brain is functioning
  • radioactive agents are injected and scanned
  • danger of radioactive material, takes longer than MRI
  • bad temporal resolution
55
Q

5 ethics issues in assessment

A
  • potential cultural bias of instrument or clinician
  • theoretical orientation of clinician
  • underemphasis of external situation
  • insufficient validation (of assessment tool)
  • inaccurate data or premature evaluation
56
Q

Categorical approach to classification

A
  • seeks to classify behavior into distinct categories
  • black and white idea of healthy vs disordered behavior
  • exemplified in DSM
  • now more dimensional approaches are gaining acceptance
57
Q

Dimensional approach to classification

A
  • assumes that a person’s typical behavior is a product of the differing strengths of definable dimensions (ie mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, ect)
  • preserved info about variability
  • can be used to define degrees of dysfunction
58
Q

Prototypal approach to classification

A
  • conceptual entity that represents the ‘perfect case’
  • provides standards against which ppl are compared to assign them to a category
  • also kinda used in DSM
  • fits the way people actually think
  • prototype ratings predict adaptive functioning better than DSM diagnoses
59
Q

ICD-11

A
  • International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
  • uses clinical prototypes

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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