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PSYC 337 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 areas that indicate abnormality

A
  • Subjective distress
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Statistical deviency
  • Violation of the standards of society
  • Social discomfort
  • Irrationality and unpredictability
  • Dangerousness
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2
Q

Subjective distress

A
  • indicative of abnormality
  • a person experiencing psychological pain
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3
Q

Maladaptiveness`

A
  • indicator of abnormality
  • behaviour that interferes with well-being and ability to enjoy work/relationships
  • not all disorders involve maladaptiveness (ex con artist with antisocial PD is still making a living - maladaptive for and toward society but not themselves)
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4
Q

Statistical deviancy

A
  • indicator of abnormality
  • not all statistically rare behavior is abnormal (eg perfect pitch, genius)
  • more likely to be considered abnormal if it is statistically rare and undesirable (we make value judgements!)
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5
Q

Violation of the standards of society

A
  • indicative of abnormality
  • may depend on magnitude of violation and how often rule is violated by others
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6
Q

Social discomfort

A
  • indicative of abnormality
  • violation of an unwritten social rule
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7
Q

Irrationality and unpredictability

A
  • indicative of abnormality
  • behaviour that is particularly unconventional/unexpected
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8
Q

Dangerousness

A
  • indicative of abnormality
  • behaviour that can harm others or self
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9
Q

DSM-5

A
  • APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013)
  • provides info needed to diagnose mental disorders
  • common language
  • important for research
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10
Q

Nomenclature

A

naming system used to create a common language and structure information

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11
Q

How to reduce stigma around mental disorders?

A
  • increased contact
  • learning more about biology behind mental illness does not reduce stigma
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12
Q

Taijin Kyofusho

A
  • anxiety disorder quite prevalent in Japan
  • marked fear that one’s body, body parts, or body functions may offend, embarrass, or otherwise make others feel uncomfortable
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13
Q

Ataque de nervios (“attack of nerves”)

A
  • clinical syndrome not in DSM, found in ppl of Latino descent (esp. Caribbean)
  • triggered by a stressful event
  • crying, trembling, uncontrollable screaming, seizure-like fit
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14
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviours in a given population

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15
Q

Prevalence

A
  • number of active cases in a population during any period of time
  • typically expressed in percentages
  • point prevalence: prevalence of actual active cases at one point in time
  • 1-year prevalence: counts anyone who experienced the disorder at any point in the year
  • lifetime prevalence: includes recovered cases as well
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16
Q

Incidence

A
  • number of new cases of a disorder over a given period of time
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17
Q

Any Anxiety Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)

A

1-year: 18.1%
Lifetime: 28.8%

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18
Q

Any Mood Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)

A

1-year: 9.5%
Lifetime: 20.8%

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19
Q

Any Substance-Abuse Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)

A

1-year: 3.8%
Lifetime: 14.6%

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20
Q

Any Disorder - Prevalence of DSM4 mental disorders in US adults (%)

A

1-year: 26.2%
Lifetime: 46.4% (likely an underestimate!)

21
Q

Most common individual mental disorders in US (top 5)

A
  • Major depressive disorder
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Specific phobia
  • Social phobia
  • Conduct disorder
22
Q

Comorbidity

A
  • presence of 2 or more disorders in the same person
  • especially high in people who have severe forms of mental disorders
23
Q

Acute

A

Disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms

24
Q

Chronic

A

Long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness

25
Q

Etiology

A

Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disorder

26
Q

Case studies

A
  • provides detailed information
  • subject to bias
  • conclusions have low generalizability
27
Q

Self-report data

A
  • data can be misleading, reports are subjective
28
Q

Observational approaches

A
  • eg counting how often someone does a behaviour, measuring levels of substances in blood, urine, etc.
  • much clinical research involves mix of self-report and observational methods
29
Q

External validity

A

extent to which findings can be generalized beyond the study itself

30
Q

Internal validity

A

extent to which a study is methodologically sound, free of confounds or other sources of error, and able to be used to draw valid conclusions

31
Q

Comparison group

A
  • aka control group
  • do not exhibit disorder being studied but are comparable in all other major respects to the criterion group (group being studied)
32
Q

Positive correlation

A

A HIGH score on one variable is associated with a HIGH score on another variable

33
Q

Negative correlation

A

A HIGH score on one variable is associated with a LOW score on another variable

34
Q

Correlation coefficient

A
  • measure of the strength of a correlation, denoted by the symbol r
  • between 0 and 1 (closer to 1 = stronger association between variables)
  • (+) or (-) sign indicates positive or negative correlation
35
Q

Statistical significance

A
  • denoted by p
  • measure of probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone
  • conventionally, correlations with p < .05 are statistically significant
36
Q

Effect size

A
  • strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population
  • independent of sample size!
37
Q

Meta-analysis

A
  • statistical approach that calculates and then combines effect sizes from all studies in a specific area (used to summarize research findings)
  • each study can be thought of as being equivalent to an individual participant in a conventional research design
  • better than literature review at summarizing findings
38
Q

The ‘third variable problem’

A

when a correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable

39
Q

Retrospective research strategy

A
  • looking back in time at what patients were like before they developed a mental disorder
  • challenging because memories can be faulty or selective
  • could be issues with investigators finding only what they expect to find
40
Q

Prospective research

A
  • looking ahead in time
  • identifying individuals who have a higher than average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered
  • using this strategy, we are much closer to establishing causal relationships
41
Q

Longitudinal design

A

A study that follows people over time and that tries to identify factors that predate the onset of a disorder

42
Q

Direction of effect problem

A
  • correlational research does not provide conclusions about directionality
  • ie does A cause B or does B cause A
  • to resolve this we need to use an experimental research approach
43
Q

Experimental research approach

A
  • all factors are controlled but one (the factor that could have an effect on a variable or outcome of interest)
  • researchers manipulate that factor (independant variable) and observe changes in outcome of interest (dependant variable)
44
Q

Double-blind study

A

participants and experimenter interacting with them are unaware of their condition

45
Q

Placebo

A

comes from the latin meaning “I shall please”

46
Q

Single-case research designs

A

An experimental research design that involves only one subject

47
Q

ABAB design

A
  • Often used in single-case research designs
  • Baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behaviour, treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).
48
Q

Trichotillomania

A

disorder that involves repetitive pulling out of hair and can produce bald spots

49
Q

Analogue studies

A
  • studies in which a researcher studies not the true item of interest but an approximation to it
  • often used to refer to animal studies, but not exclusively

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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