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PSYC 337 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental health conditions where stress has been shown to play a significant role:

A
  • anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, PTSD
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2
Q

Physical health problems linked to stress

A
  • viral infection, CHD, inflammation
  • often accelerates progression or delays recovery
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3
Q

Stressor

A
  • external demands
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4
Q

Stress

A
  • effect stressors create on an organism
  • anything that requires significant readjustment (can be good things like marriage!)
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5
Q

Coping Strategies

A
  • efforts to deal with stress
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6
Q

Hans Selye (1956-1976)

A
  • pioneer of research and conceptual models in stress
  • regardless of nature of severe illness, common set of responses (stress response!)
  • stress response: body’s way of mobilizing resources (ex HPA axis, inflammatory system) to deal with disruption in functioning
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7
Q

Characteristics improving ability to handle stress

A
  • higher levels of optimism
  • greater psychological control or mastery
  • increased self-esteem
  • better social support (perception)
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8
Q

5HTTLPR gene

A
  • linked to likelihood of becoming depressed in the face of life stress
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9
Q

Stress tolerance

A
  • ability to withstand stress without becoming severely impaired
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10
Q

Resilience

A
  • healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event
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11
Q

Factors that increase resillience

A
  • being male, being older, being well-educated
  • having more economic resources
  • being a positive person, being self-confident
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12
Q

Factors associated with lower resillience

A
  • having a more negative affect
  • being more inclined to ruminate
  • trying to find meaning in what happened (jury still out on this – some interventions focus on doing this)
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13
Q

Key factors that make a stressor more serious

A
  • severity of the stressor
  • chronicity (how long it lasts)
  • timing
  • how closely it affects own life
  • how expected it is
  • how controllable it is
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14
Q

Stress severity

A
  • stressors involving more important aspects of life are highly stressful
  • longer stressor = more severe effects
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15
Q

Crisis

A
  • times when stressful situation threatens to exceed (or exceeds) the adaptive capacities of a person
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16
Q

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

A
  • self-report checklist of common stressful life experiences
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17
Q

LEDS

A
  • Life Events and Difficulties Schedule
  • interview-based approach
  • includes extensive manual w rules for rating acute and chronic stress
  • allows rater to consider context in which events occur
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18
Q

Trauma and stress related disorders DSM

A
  • PTSD
  • adjustment disorder
  • acute stress disorder
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19
Q

Allostatic load

A
  • biological cost of adapting to stress
  • stress increases risk of getting a cold, heart attack, aggravating other issues, etc.
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20
Q

2 distinct biological systems that respond to perceived stressor

A
  • sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system (prepares for fight or flight response)
  • Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system
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21
Q

Cortisol

A
  • stress glucocorticoid that prepares body for fight or flight
  • glucocorticoids can cause stress-induced immunosuppression
22
Q

Stressful experiences that have associated health risks

A
  • loneliness is a risk factor for heart disease in women
  • childhood trauma increases risk of premature death later in life
  • stress shortens length of telomeres (protective end parts of chromosomes) and leads to premature aging
23
Q

Depression and health

A
  • associated w disrupted immune function
  • ppl w heart disease are 3x more likely to be depressed
  • ppl who are depressed have shorter telomeres than never depressed controls (more vulnerable to physical and psychological effects)
  • cardiac and inflammatory systems closely linked to development of depression
  • MS study: ppl previously diagnosed w depression had worse symptoms after MS diagnosis
24
Q

Adjustment disorder

A
  • psychological response to a common stressor (eg divorce, death of loved one, loss of job)
  • clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms
  • symptoms must begin within 3 months of onset of stressor
  • symptoms lessen or disappear when stressor ends or they learn to adapt (within 6 months or it becomes PTSD!)
  • mildest/least stigmatized diagnosis
25
Q

Sheps coronary artery disease study

A
  • 20% of patients had detectable changes in cardiac function when asked to give 5 min speech
  • patients more reactive to this form of stress almost 3x more likely to die in next 5-6 years
26
Q

SAM system

A
  • sympathetic-adrenomedullary system
  • mobilizes resources and prepares for fight or flight
  • hypothalamus stimulates SNS, SNS causes adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline, which cause increase in heart rate and glucose metabolism
27
Q

HPA system

A
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
  • stimulates SNS
  • releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which stimulates pituitary gland
  • pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which induces adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans)
28
Q

Psychoneuroimunology

A
  • study of interactions between nervous system and immune system
29
Q

Past terms used for PTSD

A
  • Soldier’s Heart (heart condition)
  • Shell Shock (mini hemorrages in brain)
  • Combat Fatigue
  • Combat Neurosis
  • Traumatic War Neurosis
30
Q

PTSD and the DSM

A
  • entered DSM in 1980 (anxiety disorders)
  • DSM IV – trauma-and-stressor related disorders
31
Q

PTSD general info

A
  • has to have been a specific event (trauma experienced, witnessed, happens to close other) that caused it
  • stress symptoms fail to abate, even when event has passed and danger is over
32
Q

PTSD 4 groups of symptoms

A
  • Intrusion: recurrent reexperiencing traumatic event
  • Avoidance: efforts to avoid thoughts/feelings/reminders
  • Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: detachment, distorted blame, negative emotional states
  • Arousal and reactivity: hypervigilance, aggression
33
Q

Sociocultural factors of PTSD

A
  • being member of minority group
  • in combat: justification of combat, how clear and acceptable goals are, quality of leadership, identification w combat union
34
Q

PTSD in individuals deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan

A
  • 12.9% in military personnel deployed to Iraq
  • 7.1% of those who served in Afghanistan
  • many take their own life after exposure to combat trauma
35
Q

PTSD in the general population

A
  • lifetime prevalence of 6.8% in US
  • 9.7% of women and 3.6% of men
  • more likely to get PSTD from traumatic events that are the result of human intent
36
Q

Individual risk factors of PTSD

A
  • being a Black american is a risk factor for experiencing trauma
  • being a woman is a risk factor for developing PTSD
  • low social support (unsure if cause or consequence)
  • disturbing thoughts or images of potential future trauma is a risk factor for PTSD
37
Q

Biological factors in PTSD

A
  • women w PTSD have higher baseline cortisol lvls
  • 5HTTLPR gene might be risk factor for PTSD
  • hippocampus reduced in size in ppl w PTSD
38
Q

Prevention of stress disorders

A
  • reduce frequency of traumatic events
  • psychological preparedness/adequate training for extreme stressors
  • stress-inoculation training (CB techniques to help ppl manage stressful situations)
39
Q

Treatment for Stress disorders

A
  • telephone hotlines
  • crisis intervention (right after it happens)
  • psychological debriefing (talk about it! – not as useful for people who are not ‘talkers’)
  • medications
  • cognitive-behavior treatments (most effective)
  • prolonged exposure (or extended narrative exposure)
40
Q

Cognitive Processing Therapy

A
  • PTSD treatment
  • emphasis on meaning (what about the situation affected you)
  • re-appraisal (of cognitions like guilt)
41
Q

Written Expressive Therapy

A
  • PTSD treatment
  • write about trauma for 30 mins every week
  • very simple and can be delivered w less training
42
Q

Eye Movement Desensitization

A
  • PTSD treatment
  • imagine trauma and track stimulus (ie finger or light bar)
  • involves repeated exposure
  • probably not literal eye mvmt that is reducing symptoms
43
Q

Group Therapy

A
  • PTSD treatment
  • sharing trauma experiences, reduces alienation
  • can be helpful for those with symptoms that don’t go away
44
Q

Leukocytes/lymphocytes

A
  • white blood cells involved in immune protection
  • B-cells produce specific antibodies for specific antigens
  • T-cells can recognize specific antigens (and destroy them with help of macrophages)
45
Q

Cytokines

A
  • small protein molecules (important component of immune system)
  • chemical messengers, allow immune cells to communicate
  • ex interferon for patient w cancer, MS, hep. C
  • also act on brain
  • important role in mediating inflammatory and immune response (pro and anti inflammatory)
  • stress disrupts production of proinflammatory cytokines
  • blisters in couples took longer to heal when engaged in convo designed to provoke marital conflict
46
Q

Chronic stress and inflammation

A
  • inflammation (more proinflammatory cytokines) is increased in ppl with prolonged stress
  • chronic stress impairs negative feedback loop (cytokines stimulate HPA axis to release cortisol and regulate cytokine production)
  • chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many health problems
47
Q

Type A behavior patterns and health

A
  • Type A: excessively competitive, extreme commitment to work, impatience, hostility
  • 2x more likely to have coronary artery disease
  • 8x more likely to have heart attack in next 8.5 years
48
Q

Type D behavior patterns and health

A
  • Type D: more negative emotions, insecure, anxious
  • men more likely to have heart attack in 5 year period
  • more risks after cardiac surgery
49
Q

Depression and health

A
  • relationship between depression and immune system suppression at least partially independent of specific stressors
  • factor in heart disease (3x more likely to be depressed)
  • depression may interact with stress to further enhance inflammatory responses
50
Q

Acute Stress Disorder

A
  • symptoms develop shortly after experiencing a traumatic event and last 3 days - 1 month
  • diagnosis can change to PTSD if symptoms persist

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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