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PSYC 337 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A
  • difficulty in social communication/interaction
  • repetitive behavior, interests, activities
  • encompasses previous diagnoses of autistic disorder, aspergers disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder
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2
Q

DSM-5 Criteria for autism

A
  • difficulties in 2 areas: social-communication and restricted, repetitive and/or sensory behaviors/interests
  • characteristics from early childhood
  • often diagnosed before 30mo
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3
Q

Social Communication difficulties in autism

A
  • rarely using language
  • no interest in friends
  • no imaginary play
  • limited facial expressions
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4
Q

Restricted, repetitive, and sensory behavior/interests

A
  • lining up things in particular way
  • repetitive gestures
  • very narrow interests
  • trouble with change
  • sensory sensitivities
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5
Q

Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence

A
  • often comorbid
  • most common disorder in kids/teens (32%)
  • higher rates in girls
  • most often specific phobias (almost 20% of kids), social anxiety disorder (5-10%), separation anxiety disorder (7%ish), and PTSD (8% girls, 3% boys)
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6
Q

Phobia types in children (in order)

A
  • Animal (dogs, bugs, snakes)
  • Natural environment (dark, storms, heights, water)
  • Blood-Injection-Injury (needles, seeing blood/injuries)
  • Situational (flying, driving, small spaces)
  • Other
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7
Q

Separation anxiety disorder

A
  • excessive anxiety ab separation from major attachment figures/home surroundings
  • lack self-confidence, apprehensive in new situations
  • slightly more common in girls
  • might go away on its own
  • more likely to have other anxiety-based disorders (like phobias and OCD)
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8
Q

Causal factors in anxiety disorders (kids/teens)

A
  • anxious children show early sensitivity
  • experience of trauma through hospitalization/violence
  • parents can foster anxiety in child (overprotective or detached)
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9
Q

Treatment and outcomes in childhood anxiety

A
  • same meds as for adults (esp. benzodiazepines)
  • CBT effective at reducing symptoms in young children
  • exposure therapy effective for adults, teens, and kids
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10
Q

Childhood depression

A
  • sadness, withdrawal, crying, poor sleep/appetite, suicidal thoughts/attempts
  • core feature often irritability (not sadness like in adults)
  • about 12% of kids/teens diagnosed
  • rates start climbing significantly in adolescence
  • higher rates in girls (biggest diff. starts in puberty)
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11
Q

Childhood bipolar disorder

A
  • less often but is still diagnosed in children/teens
  • dramatic rise in diagnoses in last decade
  • might be both bc world more likely to create bipolar AND bc we are now better at detecting it
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12
Q

Causal factors in childhood depression/bipolar

A
  • genetics play big role
  • in utero exposure to alcohol
  • exposure to negative parental behaviors/emotional states
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13
Q

Treatment and outcomes in childhood depression/bipolar

A
  • 38% receive mental health treatment
  • antidepressants used (but increased risk of suicide)
  • CBT reduces symptoms
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14
Q

Video clip on teen suicide

A
  • 44, 000 Americans die by suicide each year (1 every 12 mins)
  • over a million attempts per year in US
  • increase in annual rates since 1999
  • 2nd highest cause of death in young people
  • need to give students love and support; they need to know someone cares
  • wrote letters to each of 130 students to acknowledge their strengths and encourage them
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15
Q

According to the teacher in the TED talk, ________ is the solution to the teen suicide epidemic

A

kindness

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16
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A
  • recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures for at least 6mo
  • angry, argumentative, vindictive
  • often develops into conduct disorder (risks: family discord, SES disadvantage, parental antisocial behavior)
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17
Q

Conduct disorder (CD)

A
  • usually diagnosed after ODD
  • diagnosed around 12, early diagnosis at 10
  • earlier diagnosis more likely to have antisocial PD later
  • persistent, repetitive violation of rules and disregard for rights of others
  • different from ODD; in ODD kids don’t like being controlled, in CD more aggressive behavior/cruelty
  • comorbid w other disorders (esp substance abuse)
  • girls more likely to get pregnant
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18
Q

Causal factors in ODD and CD

A
  • self-perpetuating downward spiral
  • genetic predisposition: low verbal intelligence, neuropsychological problems, difficult temperament
  • strong heritable effect of conduct problems and antisocial behavior
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19
Q

Risks for development of antisocial PD after CD

A
  • younger CD = higher likelihood of psychopathy/antisocial as adult
  • stronger link in low SES
  • 80% of boys w early-onset CD have multiple problems of social dysfunction as adults
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20
Q

Psychosocial factors in ODD and CD

A
  • being aggressive/socially unskilled leads to rejection
  • bad family/neighborhood env. contributes too
21
Q

Treatments for ODD and CD

A
  • modify family and broader environment
  • cohesive family model focusses on ineffective parenting practices that might be contributing
  • parent management training
  • reinforcing prosocial behaviors, ignoring antisocial/aggressive behaviors
22
Q

Elimination disorders

A
  • Enuresis, encopresis
23
Q

Enuresis

A
  • habitual involuntary discharge of urine, usually at night, after age of expected continence (5y)
  • 5-10% of 5yo
  • 3-5% of 10yo
  • 1.1% kids over 15
  • might be caused by variety of organic conditions, meds, and/or faulty learning, immaturity, disturbed relationships, SLEs
  • decreases with age but treatment still preferable
  • can condition to child to wake up when they need to pee; other meds might be used
24
Q

Encopresis
(just need to know what it is)

A
  • children who haven’t learned proper toileting for bowel mvmts after age 4
  • more common in boys
  • important to make sure it’s not constipation
  • meds or conditioning have moderate success
25
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A
  • disorders that have to do with brain dysfunction
  • wiring/aberrant dev. that doesn’t correct itself
  • early in life, so environment doesn’t play a big role
  • onset needs to be in childhood
  • autism, ADHD, tic disorders
26
Q

ADHD

A
  • persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive motor activity
  • for diagnosis problems need to be numerous, persistent, causing problems at home/work/school
  • Lower IQ scores/deficits in neuropsych. testing
  • higher rates in boys
  • 9% of kids/teens
27
Q

ADHD beyond adolescence

A
  • about half of kids w ADHD still meet criteria in adulthood
  • ab 4% of U.S. adults meet criteria
  • higher rates in male, divorced, unemployed
28
Q

Causal factors in ADHD

A
  • genetic and social-environmental factors
  • smaller brain volumes and slower maturing brains
29
Q

Treatment of ADHD

A
  • Ritalin is a stimulant that quiets child and lowers aggression, increases concentration
  • Pemoline and Adderall also stimulants; Straterra is non-stimulant and is less effective
  • methylphenidate has an energizing effect in most adults, not calming
  • some side effects (stomachache, nausea)
  • long-term: lower rates of substance abuse, car accidents, suicide
  • teaching organizational/planning skills, techniques for decreasing distractibility and procrastination
30
Q

Rates of Ritalin users

A
  • significant increase in last 30 years
  • most marked increase in 6-12 age group
  • questions ab if teachers are just referring any kids with slight behavioral issues
31
Q

Tic disorders

A
  • tic: persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to localized muscle group
  • more common in males
  • everyone has some tics (esp when stressed), disorder diagnosed when it interferes w life
  • Tourette’s disorder: extreme tic disorder; multiple motor and vocal patterns
32
Q

Learning disorders

A
  • delays in cognitive dev. in language, speech, math, or motor skills not necessarily due to demonstrable physical/neurological defect
  • usually have normal IQ/background
  • can experience deep emotional tension under normal learning circumstances
  • 30% have comorbid disorder
33
Q

Dyslexia

A
  • most common learning disorder
  • problems w word recognition and reading comprehension
  • often letter reversals
  • many kids “grow out” of it
34
Q

Causal factors in learning disorders

A
  • product of subtle CNS impairments
  • fMRI studies suggest deficiency of physiological activation in cerebellum in dyslexia
  • various forms of learning disorders or vulnerability to develop them can be genetically transmitted
35
Q

Treatments/outcomes in learning disorders

A
  • most treatments are behavioral interventions
  • focus on material needed for academic success
  • dyslexia: phonics instruction
  • more and more of these kids graduate high school!
36
Q

Intellectual disabilities

A
  • deficits in general mental abilities (reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, learning)
  • aka intellectual development disorder
  • defined by intelligence and level of performance
  • deficits before 18y (after 18 it’s dementia)
  • diagnoses peak at 15
37
Q

Mild intellectual disability

A
  • IQ 50-70 (>2 SDs below mean)
  • considered “educable”
  • adult intellectual level comparable to 8-11yo kids
  • social adjustment often approximates adolescents’
38
Q

Moderate intellectual disability

A
  • IQ 35-55
  • developmental level similar to 4-7yo kids
  • some can learn to read/write but learning is slow and have low conceptualizing levels
  • can be somewhat independent in daily self-care and show acceptable behavior if in a sheltered environment
39
Q

Severe intellectual disability

A
  • IQ 20-40
  • impaired speech development, sensory deficits, motor handicaps
  • can develop limited levels of personal hygiene but are dependent on others for care
40
Q

Profound intellectual disability

A
  • IQ below 25
  • severely deficient in adaptive behaviors
  • unable to master even simple tasks
  • often severe deformities, CNS pathology, retarded growth, convulsive seizures, mutism, deafness, etc.
41
Q

Causal factors in intellectual disability

A
  • genetic-chromosomal factors
  • infections/toxins during pregnancy
  • trauma (injury), radiation
  • malnutrition or other biological factors
42
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • Langdon Down (1866)
  • caused by extra chromosome 21
  • best known of clinical conditions associated w moderate/severe intellectual disability
  • 5.9 births out of every 10,000 in gen pop
  • most affects verbal/language skills
  • shorter life expectancy
43
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) - (just need to know name)

A
  • rare metabolic disorder
  • missing liver enzyme prevents phenylalanine from being broken down
  • 1 in 12,000 births
  • both parents must carry recessive gene
  • reversible through diet control but can lead to brain damage if left untreated
  • can detect through urinalysis
44
Q

Macrocephaly

A
  • cranial anomaly
  • large-headedness
  • increase in size/weight of brain results in enlargement of skull
45
Q

Microcephaly

A
  • cranial anomaly
  • small-headedness
  • decreased growth of cerebral cortex results in small head circumference
46
Q

Hydrocephaly

A
  • cranial anomaly
  • accumulation of abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid, causing damage to the brain
  • ventricles fill up and squeeze brain against skull
  • treat by implanting shunt into ventricle to drain it into gut
47
Q

Special considerations in treatment of children and adolescents

A
  • can’t seek assistance
  • vulnerabilities place children at risk for developing emotional problems (can’t control environment)
  • possibility of using parents as change agents
  • might need to treat parents as well
  • might need to consider removing child from family but can cause lots of emotional turmoil
  • important to intervene before problems become more complex!
48
Q

Child advocacy programs

A
  • organizations that try to detect children that are experiencing adverse situations and try to mobilize necessary resources to address issues
  • resources usually not ideal

PSYC 337 (15 decks)

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