Exam 9: Hallucinogens, Phencyclidine, and Ketamine

Question 1

Name 4 Indoles

Answer 1

Lysergic acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Psilocybin/Psilocin
Butotenin
Ibogaine

Question 2

Name 2 phenylethylamides

Answer 2

Mescaline

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Question 3

What sympathomimetic effects are caused by LSD/hallucinogens in the initial stage?

Answer 3

Mydriasis
BP increase
Tachycardia
Piloerection
Hyperreflexia
tremors
Increased temp

Question 4

What are some somatic effects of LSD/hallucinogens in the initial stage?

Answer 4

dizziness
weakness
paresthesias
nausea

Question 5

What are some subjective psychic changes with LSD/hallucinogens in the initial stage?

Answer 5

Anxiety
Euphoria/giddiness
emotional lability
You feel pleasant in the initial stage

Question 6

What is seen in the hallucinogenic phase of LSD?

Answer 6

Sensory disturbances
Depersonalization (out of body)
Difficulty determining what’s real and what isn’t
Panic reactions are common (sure they are…)

Question 7

How can you treat a person having a bad trip?

Answer 7

Reassurance

Placing them in a place with low sensory input

Question 8

What are Psilocin and psilocybin?

Answer 8

Hallucinogenic substances seen in mushrooms (effects are like LSD)

Question 9

What drug is taken by “toad licking”?

Answer 9

Bufotenin

Question 10

What is Bufotenin?

Answer 10

Hallucinogen seen in mushrooms and some amphibians (toad licking)

Question 11

Where do you find Mescaline?

Answer 11

Peyote cactus

Question 12

What are the effects of Mescaline?

Answer 12

Like LSD, but the autonomic changes are less pronounced

Question 13

What are effects of MDMA?

Answer 13

Stimulant and hallucinogenic

Question 14

What hallucinogen is found in the roots of an African shrub?

Answer 14

Ibogaine

Question 15

What is a controversial use for Ibogaine?

Answer 15

Powerful hallucinogen that has recently been reported to suppress the craving for heroin cocaine and other drugs in addicted individuals.

Question 16

Describe tolerance/dependence on hallucinogens?

Answer 16

Tolerance is common
Cross tolerance between different drugs occurs
Physical dependence isn’t a big issue

Question 17

What is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)?

Answer 17

Hallucinogen-associated long term changes in processing of visual information.
Involved in flashbacks

Question 18

What is the most widely accepted mechanism of action of hallucinogens?

Answer 18

Agonists at presynaptic 5-HT2 receptors and thereby decrease the rate of firing of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, which leads to alterations in the functioning the reticular sensory filtering system
Also may effect dopamine and the enkephalins

Question 19

What does PCP do at low doses?

Answer 19

Marijuana-like effects

Question 20

What does PCP do at high doses?

Answer 20

Amphetamine-like stimulant effects, including irritability and hostility

Question 21

What can happen with high doses of PCP?

Answer 21

Hallucinations, psychosis, and rage

They may get super strong and be impervious to pain.

Question 22

What is the mechanism of PCP?

Answer 22

Blockade of NMDA receptors

Question 23

What are 4 physical symptoms of PCP toxicity?

Answer 23

Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, hypertension, and vertical nystagmus

Question 24

What is a unique physical sign of PCP toxicity that is useful in diagnosis?

Answer 24

Vertical nystagmus

Question 25

What is a hazard associated with long term use of PCP?

Answer 25

Psychosis and cognitive impairment