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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Edrophonium

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Quaternary ammonium compound (doesn’t enter CNS)
Short acting
Tensilon test for myasthenia gravis

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2
Q

Neostigmine

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Quaternary ammonium compound (doesn’t enter CNS)
Long acting
Used in treatments of myasthenia gravis

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3
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Quaternary ammonium compound (doesn’t enter CNS)
Long acting
Used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis
Used by military to protect troops against nerve gas

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4
Q

Physostigmine/eserine

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Non quaternary (can enter CNS)
Used in treatment of antimuscarinic poisoning (atropine)

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5
Q

Parathion

A

Organophosphate insecticide
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Can be absorbed through skin
Treated with atropine, pralidoxime

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6
Q

Carbaryl

A

Carbamate insecticide
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Not highly absorbable through skin
Treated with Atropine (pralidoxime not useful)

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7
Q

DFP/Isoflurophate

A

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Poisoning treated with atropine and pralidoxime
Has been used in treatment of glaucoma

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8
Q

Sarin

A

Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
Nerve gas
Treated with atropine and pralidoxime

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9
Q

Pralidoxime/2-PAM

A

Cholinesterase reactivator
Organophosphate antidote (must give within 2 hours)
Doesn’t work for carbamate insecticides

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10
Q

Sildenafil

A

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor
Inhibition of the breakdown of cGMP causes vasodilation, particularly in the corpus cavernosum where PDE-5 levels are high
Can cause hypotension and reflex tachycardia
Peak plasma levels after 1 hour
Metabolized by CYP3A4

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11
Q

Vardenafil

A

PDE-5 inhibitor, causes erection

Plasma levels peak at 1 hour

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12
Q

Tadalafil

A

PDE-5 inhibitor causes erection.

Much longer half life than sidenafil, vardenafil (up to 36 hours)

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13
Q

Botulism toxin

A

Prevents release of ACh from nerve endings (autonomic and muscular)
Causes paralysis of skeletal muscle with fatal diaphragmatic paralysis

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14
Q

13 Muscarinic Antagonists

A 
Atropine
Scopolamine
Dicyclomine
Propantheline 
Glycopyrrolate 
Ipratropium 
Benztropine
Trihexyphenidyl 
Tolterodine
Oxybutynin
Fesoterodine 
Tropicamide
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15
Q

Atropine

A

Antimuscarinic

Belladonna alkaloid

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16
Q

Scopolamine

A

Antimuscarinic
Like atropine but with more CNS depression
Treatment for motion sickness, vertigo

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17
Q

Dicyclomine

A

Nonquaternary Antimuscarinic

Treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (antispasmodic)

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18
Q

Propantheline

A

Antimuscarinic
Antispasmodic effects on bowel (irritable bowel syndrome)
Quaternary, few CNS effects

19
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Quaternary Antimuscarinic
No CNS effects
Used in preop by anesthesia to reduce respiratory secretions and inhibit Vagus reflexes.

20
Q

Ipratropium, Tiatropium

A

Quaternary Antimuscarinic
Administered by inhalation for asthma and COPD
Tiatropium has a longer duration of action

21
Q

Benztropine, Trihexyphenidyl

A

Antimuscarinic
Effect the CNS
Used to treat Parkinson’s

22
Q

Tolterodine, Oxybutynin, Solifenacin

A

Antimuscarinic

Treatment for urinary incontinence due to overactive bladder

23
Q

Tropicamide

A

Antimuscarinic

Used to dilate pupils for ophthalmologic exam

24
Q

Pancuronium, Atracurium

A

Competitive (nondepolarizing) neuromuscular blockers
Competitive ACh antagonists at NM junctions
Can be reversed by Neostigmine

25
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

Causes weak contractions and then relaxation and paralysis

26
Q

Acetylcholine

A 
Narrow use (glaucoma)
Rapidly hydrolyzed when administered systemically
27
Q

Carbachol

A

ACh that resists hydrolysis
Used in Glaucoma
Can act on Muscarinic or Nicotonic receptors

28
Q

Methacholine

A

ACh that resists hydrolysis
Only acts on Muscarinic receptors
Used in pulmonary function testing in asthma

29
Q

Bethanchol

A

ACh that resists hydrolysis
Only acts on Muscarinic receptors
Used to stimulate GI motility
Used to combat urinary retention

30
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Muscarinic agonist

Treats glaucoma and xerostoma

31
Q

Cevimeline

A

Muscarinic agonist

Treats salivary gland dysfunction

32
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor

Used to treat Alzheimer’s/dementia due to loss of cholinergic neurons in brain (Nucleus basilis of Meyner)

33
Q

Donepezil

A

Reversible cholinesterase inhibitor

Used to treat Alzheimer’s/dementia due to loss of cholinergic neurons in brain (Nucleus basilis of Meyner)

34
Q

3 Sedating Antihistamines

A

Doxylamine
Promethazine
Hydroxyzine

35
Q

4 moderately sedating antihistamines

A

Diphenhydramine
Dimenhydrinate
Chlorpheniramine
Meclizine

36
Q

5 non-sedating antihistamines

A 
Loratadine
Desloratidine 
Certirizine 
Fexofenadine 
Terfenadine
37
Q

4 H2 Histamine Antagonists

A

Cimetidine (antiandrogenic, also has a bunch of other weird side effects to watch out for)
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Treatment for peptic ulcer disease by decreasing gastric acid secretion

38
Q

Metaclopramide

A

Dopamine antagonist in the CRTZ, decreases GI motility, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone
Treats nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy
Treats post op nausea

39
Q

Ondansetron, granisetron

A

5-HT3 antagonist
Serotonin antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors
Treats nausea caused by activation of CRTZ, 5-HT from periphery
Metabolized by hepatic microsomal enzymes (possible drug interactions)
Side effects are headaches and constipation.

40
Q

Dronabinol

A

Synthetic THC
Anti emetic, used in chemotherapy
Side effects are the effects of marijuana… (Sedation, confusion, paranoia, disorientation)

41
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

Antitussive
No opioid effects, but not effective against severe coughs
May work on NDMA receptors
Sometimes kids try to abuse this (cough syrups) can be fatal.

42
Q

Benzonatate

A

Antitussive

Anesthetic effect in the airway

43
Q

Guaifenesin

A

Expectorant used as an antitussive
Increase mucus production in the airway.
They don’t work that well.

44
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

Decreases the viscosity of mucus by breaking disulfide bonds
Also used as an antidote for Tylenol poisoning
Used to prevent mucus plugs when patients are at risk

Pharmacology (34 decks)

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