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Pharmacology > Exam 12: Environmental Toxicology and Antidotes > Flashcards

Exam 12: Environmental Toxicology and Antidotes Flashcards

1
Q

NOAEL

A

No Observed Adverse Effect Level: Highest dose that doesn’t produce a statistically significant toxic effect

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2
Q

RfD

A

Reference Dose: Estimated daily exposure that is assumed to have no adverse health impact on the human population

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3
Q

6 Common causes of anticholinergic toxicity

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Scopolamine
  3. Antihistamines
  4. Antiparkinson’s (amantidine)
  5. Antipsychotics
  6. Plants (Belladonna)
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4
Q

Treatment for anticholinergic poisoning

A

Physostigmine

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5
Q

Treatment for seizures caused by too much of a stimulant

A

Benzos

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6
Q

Treatment for tachycardia caused by too much of a stimulant

A

Lidocaine

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7
Q

Treatment for ventricular fibrillation caused by too much of a stimulant

A

Lidocaine

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8
Q

Treatment for opioid toxicity

A

Naloxone

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9
Q

Treatment for Cholinergic syndromes

A

Cholinergic antagonist like Atropine

Pralidoxime is only used for Organophosphate poisoning

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10
Q

Mechanism of activated charcoal. Limitation?

A

Non-specific chelator that limits drug absorption

Doesnt work as well if a drug is rapidly absorbed

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11
Q

Use of Whole-bowel irrigation (actual substance that is used)

A

Non-absorbable polyethylene glycol

Used after large ingestion of drugs that are poorly absorbed by activated charcoal

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12
Q

Difference between organophosphates and carbamate insecticides

A

Carbamates are reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (treat with atropine only)
Organophosphates are irreversible (Treat with atropine and pralidoxime)

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13
Q

Chlorinated insecticides mechanism

A

Inhibit voltage-gated Na+ channels, leading to seizures, tremors, weakness, twitches, etc.

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14
Q

2 Treatments for Chlorinated insecticides (DDT)

A
  1. Activated charcoal/gastric lavage

2. Anticonvulsants (slowly infused)

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15
Q

Pyrethrins symptoms and treatments (2)

A

Bronchospasm, numbness, seizures

  1. Charcoal/lavage
  2. Bronchodilators for bronchospasm
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16
Q

Problem with methanol

A

Metabolized to formaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (blindness, metabolic acidosis)

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17
Q

Methanol treatments (2)

A
  1. Treat acidosis with bicarb

2. Fomepizole (Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)

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18
Q

2 consequences of Ethylene glycol ingestion

A
  1. Hypocalcemic tetany

2. Oxalicaciduria - crystals

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19
Q

2 treatments for Ethylene glycol poisoning

A
  1. Calcium for their hypocalcemia

2. Fomepizole

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20
Q

Result of Diethylene glycol poisoning (treatment)

A

Anuric renal failure

Supportive/symptomatic care

21
Q

Sources of lead poisoning

A
  1. Food/water
  2. Dust
  3. Paint chips
22
Q

4 effects of lead poisoning

A
  1. Microcytic anemia
  2. Weak wrist and ankle extensors
  3. Lead encephalopathy
  4. Colic loss of apatite
23
Q

First and second line treatments for severe lead poisoning

A
  1. Succorer

2. EDTA

24
Q

Treatment for cerebral edema in lead poisoning

A

Dexamethasone

25
Q

Why are children most at risk of lead poisoning?

A

They absorb up to 40% of that ingested, adults only 10%

26
Q

2 effects of lead on kids

A
  1. Deteriorates their BBB

2. Low IQ, ADHD, behavior problems

27
Q

Arsenic poisoning source

A

Rural/municipal water supplies

28
Q

Arsenic acute intoxication signs/symptoms

A

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Garlic odor on breath

29
Q

Arsenic chronic intoxication signs/symptoms

A

Hyperkeratosis, exfoliative dermatitis

30
Q

Arsenic poisoning mechanism

A

Binds to -SH groups on proteins and causes severe oxidative stress

31
Q

Arsenic toxicity treatment

A

Dimercaprol

32
Q

Treatment for inhalation of arsenic gas

A

This only occurs in miners

Supportive therapy only

33
Q

Methylmercury sources

A

Gold mining
Fish
Grain fungicide

34
Q

Signs and symptoms of mercury poisoning

A

Ataxia, loss of balance, sensory defects, visual defects, deafness, dysarthria
THESE ARE ALL IRREVERSIBLE

35
Q

Who should avoid eating predatory fish?

A

Pregnant women

Canned tuna is probably safe though

36
Q

Mercury in cavity fillings

A

They pose little hazard

Dentists ARE NOT supposed to advocate their removal

37
Q

When is chelation therapy used

A

Severely elevated metal levels or toxicity

38
Q

Chelation therapy consideration

A

Only reduces readily accessible pool of metal. After therapy, blood levels of the metal can rebound

39
Q

Edentate Calcium Use, Side effects, tocixity

A

EDTA

  1. Lead poisoning antidote
  2. Chills, fever, nausea voliting
  3. Nephrotoxic at high dose
40
Q

Penicillamine use

A

Wilson’s disease

also for lead poisoning

41
Q

Succimer use, advantage

A

First orally effective chelator

Works faster than EDTA in lead poisoning

42
Q

First sign of CO poisoning

43
Q

CO poisoning treatment

A

Hyperbaric O2

44
Q

Treatment for cyanide toxicity

A

Hydroocobalamin

Reacts to form vitamin B12

45
Q

Asbestos antidote

A

There isn’t one

Dont get exposed

46
Q

PCBs and Dioxin signs and symptoms

A

Chloracne, nausea, vomiting, headache

47
Q

Dioxin treatment

48
Q

Bisphenol A (BPA)

A

Leached from plastic into food and water

Exposure in utero MAY be linked to neural and behavioral defects

Pharmacology (34 decks)

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