Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Exam 9: Anti Cancer Agents > Flashcards

Exam 9: Anti Cancer Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What do we need to know for each agent?

A

Category
Mechanism
Toxicity
Only need to know specific uses when noted explicitly (seriously, don’t try to memorize a bunch of other shit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 2 nitrogen mustards

A

Mechlorethamine

Cyclophosphamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 1 nitrosourea

A

Carmustine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name one platinum complex

A

Cisplatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 1 folic acid analog

A

Methotrexate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 1 purine analog

A

Mercaptopurine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 2 pyrimidine analogs

A

Fluorouracil

Cytarabine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 2 anthacycline antibiotics

A

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 4 vinca alkaloids, epipodophylotoxins, and taxanes

A

Vinblastine
Vincristine
Etoposide
Paclitaxel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 2 corticosteroids used in cancer treatment

A

Prednisone

Dexamethasone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name one estrogen/antiestrogen

A

Tamoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name one Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor

A

Imatinib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name one monoclonal antibody used for cancer treatment

A

Trastuzumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a difference in general usefulness in cell cycle specific vs cell cycle non-specific agents?

A

CCS are better at treating tumors with lots of cells that are proliferating
CCNS are better in low-growth solid tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the cell cycle non specific agents?

A

All the alkylators and the 2 antibiotics:
Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, Carmustine, Cisplatin
and
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are three alkylating agents?

A

Mechlorethamine
Cyclophosphamide
Carmustine
Cisplatin (kind of, causes cross linking without actual alkylation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mechanism of alkylating agents?

A

Alkylation of Nitrogen 7 on Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 3 consequences of alkylation of Guanine?

A
  1. Miscoding of DNA strands (won’t interact with complementary base)
  2. Incomplete repair of alkylated segment (breaks/depurination)
  3. Excessive cross linking of DNA and inability for strand separation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are alkylating agents CCS or CCNS?

A

CCNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are toxicities of Alkylating agents?

A

Acute- Nausea, vomiting
Long Term- Bone marrow depression
These are the main toxicities seen in most cancer drugs, except when explicitly noted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mechlorethamine mechanism

A

Alkylation of Nitrogen 7 on Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyclophosphamide mechanism

A

Alkylation of Nitrogen 7 on Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetic consideration

A

Prodrug

Must be activated by p450 enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carmustine mechanism

A

Alkylation of Nitrogen 7 on Guanine

Nirtosurea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a pharmacodynamic feature of carmustine?

A

Highly lipid soluble

26
Q

Cisplatin mechanism

A

Bifunctional alkylating agent

Causes cross linking

27
Q

Cisplatin toxicity

A

Nephrotoxic and Ototoxic

28
Q

Cisplatin class

A

Platinum complex

29
Q

Are antimetabolites CCS or CCNS?

A

CCS

30
Q

Methotrexate Mechanism

A

Folic acid analog

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, preventing creation of Tetrohydrofolate needed for DNA synthesis

31
Q

What protects normal cells with methotrexate use?

A

Leucovorin (Folinic acid)

Bypasses metabolic block by methotrexate

32
Q

What phase is affected by Methotrexate?

A

S phase (DNA synthesis)

33
Q

Methotrexate toxicity

A

Acute- Nausea, vomiting

Long Term- Bone marrow depression

34
Q

Methotrexate uses

A

Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis

35
Q

Mercaptopurine mechanism

A

Purine analog

Inhibits enzymes of purine interconversion, decreasing nucleotide synthesis

36
Q

What cell cycle phase is affected by Mercaptopurine?

A

S phase

37
Q

5-Fluorouracil mechanism

A

Pyrimidine analog

Inhibits thymidylate synthetase covalently, inhibiting DNA synthesis (S phase)

38
Q

5-Fluorouracil toxicity

A

Less GI effects than other cancer drugs

39
Q

Cytarabine mechanism

A

Pyrimidine analog
Converted to cytarabine triphosphate
Inhibits DNA polymerase by competing with deoxycitidine triphosphate
S phase specific

40
Q

Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin mechanism

A

Intercalate and bind to DNA between base pairs, uncoiling DNA, destroying template (Not CCS)

41
Q

When is the most effect seen with Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin

A

S phase, but still considered non specific

42
Q

Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin toxicity

A

Cardiomyopathy (Dilated)

*** Pretty sure this will be a test question.

43
Q

Vinblastine and Vincristine Mechanism

A

Vinca Alkaloids
Bind to tubulin and disrupt the mitotic spindle apparatus
Prevents segregation of chromosomes in metaphase

44
Q

What phase are Vinca alkaloids specific for?

A

Mitosis phase (Metaphase)

45
Q

What toxicity is associate with Vincristine and Vinblastine?

A

Neurological side effects (eg. peripheral neuropathy)

Also general toxicities seen in most cancer drugs

46
Q

Etoposide mechanism

A

Forms a complex with Topoisomerase II and DNA resulting in DNA breaks and cell death.
Specific for G2 phase

47
Q

What cell cycle phase is Etoposide specific for?

A

G2

48
Q

Paclitaxel mechanism

A

Antimicrotubule agent.
Enhances microtubule assembly
Stabilizes microtubules (they can’t depolymerize)
Specific for G2 and M phase

49
Q

What cell cycle phase is Paclitaxel specific for?

A

G2 and M phases

50
Q

Prednisone and Dexamethasone mechanism

A

Lipid soluble, diffuse into cells, affect transcription of genes in the nucleus.
Suppress mitosis in lymphocytes
G1 phase specific

51
Q

What cell cycle phase are corticosteroids specific for?

A

G1

52
Q

Tamoxifen mechanism

A

Non steroidal anti estrogen
Blocks estrogen receptors (nuclear transcription factors) that stimulate growth
G1 phase specific

53
Q

What cell cycle phase is Tamoxifen specific for?

A

G1

54
Q

Tamoxifen toxicities

A

Short term: Menopausal symptoms (Hot flashes, headaches, fatigue, etc.)
Long term: visual changes, vaginal bleeding, ocular toxicity, thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia
Most Serious: Can promote tumor growth and increase incidence of endometrial cancer

55
Q

Tamoxifen use

A

Estrogen receptor positive invasive breast cancer

Often used for breast cancer in men

56
Q

Imantinib mechanism

A

Inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase

Inhibits proliferation and triggers apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia cell lines

57
Q

Imantinib uses (2)

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Ph+ (Philadelphia chromosome + 9:22) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

58
Q

Trastuzumab mechanism

A

(Herceptin)
IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to the the EGF receptor HER-2
Down regulates the receptor’s tyrosine kinase activity which are involved in metastasis
Phase G1 specific

59
Q

Trastuzumab uses

A

Breast cancers that overexpress EGF2

In combo with paclitaxel is the first line treatment for HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer

60
Q

What is the first line treatment for HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer?

A

Trastuzumab and Paclitaxel

Pharmacology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions