Exam 6 Material (Vertebrates: Part of Deuterostome Group)

Question 1

What kind of group is Craniata/Vertebrata?

Answer 1

It’s a paraphyletic group

Question 2

What does the name Craniata mean?

Answer 2

It means to have a cranium

Question 3

What does the name Vertebrata mean?

Answer 3

It means to have a vertebrate

Question 4

Both the cranium and vertebrate are a part of what?

Answer 4

Both are a part of the endoskeleton

Question 5

What is special about some members of this group?

Answer 5

There are living groups that have a cranium but no vertebrate

Question 6

Neural crest cells during development give rise to what structures (examples)?

Answer 6

Structures like nerves, head muscles, parts of the cranium and jaws

Question 7

What are neural crest cells derived from?

Answer 7

They are derived from ectoderm but migrate to weird places and act like mesoderm

Question 8

What is being described?:
- We see pronounced cephalization (the head becomes much more loaded w/ sensory structures, development at the anterior and posterior dorsal hollow nerve cord to be more like a brain/they get a more elaborate brain/they get 10-12 pairs of cranial nerves)?

Answer 8

What is special about the head of vertebrates

Question 9

How many pairs of appendages do most vertebrates alive have?

Answer 9

They have 2 pairs of appendages (pelvic and pectoral)

Question 10

What kind of hearts do vertebrates have?

Answer 10

They have ventral hearts

Question 11

What kind of circulatory system do vertebrates have?

Answer 11

They have a close circulatory system (and blood with hemoglobin)

Question 12

What does the name Agnathons mean?

Answer 12

It means without a jaw (includes hagfish) (they do not have a vertebrate but have a cranium) (they do not have jaws but have a mouth)

Question 13

What is special about the lamprey?

Answer 13

They have a mouth but no jaws

Question 14

What is being described?:
- Will attach to a host using a raspy tongue-like structure to grind a hole in the animal and suck out blood and other nutrients/they do not have paired fins)

Answer 14

How parasitic lamprey attack host

Question 15

What kind of group are the jawless fishes?

Answer 15

They are a paraphyletic group

Question 16

What kind of group are jawed organisms?

Answer 16

They are a paraphyletic group

Question 17

What does the name Chondrichthyes mean?

Answer 17

The name means “cartilage fish”

Question 18

What group includes sharks and rays?

Answer 18

Chondrochthyes

Question 19

What makes the skeleton of Chondrichthyes special?

Answer 19

They have a cartilage-based skeleton

Question 20

What are almost all Chondrichthyes?

Answer 20

They are almost all marine (w/ only some freshwater individuals like stingrays)

Question 21

Does Chondrichthyes have paired fins?

Answer 21

Yes, they do have paired fins (anterior and posterior)

Question 22

What do sharks and rays have (are essentially teeth/they have enamel) (their entire body is covered with teeth/dermal denticles)/there are continually making new teeth (when teeth break off, teeth from the back move up to replace them)

Answer 22

Placoid scales

Question 23

What do sharks and rays not have to help them maintain their buoyancy in the water?

Answer 23

They do not have gas ladders (one way that they do maintain their buoyancy is through a fatty liver) (also they have wing-shaped fins that give them a lift)

Question 24

How do some sharks and rays feed?

Answer 24

They are filter feeders (open their mouths, let food flow through—are not big predators)

Question 25

What do sharks and rays have that helps them to detect electricity/heart and muscle movement of their prey)

Answer 25

Electroreceptors

Question 26

What is being described (present in sharks and rays)?:
- A line full of receptors that can detect water pressure changes)

Answer 26

Lateral line

Question 27

How many gills do sharks and rays typically have on each side?

Answer 27

They have 5-7 gills on each side

Question 28

What is being described (present in sharks and rays)?:
- A common opening for their digestive tract, excretory tract/kidneys and bladder, and reproductive tracts

Answer 28

Cloaca

Question 29

What is being described (present in male sharks and rays)?:
- An elongated structure on their pelvic fin that is used to sediment the females

Answer 29

Claspers

Question 30

Which group of jawed fishes includes ray-finned fishes?

Answer 30

Actinopterygii (pterygia means fin or wing) (actino means spine)

Question 31

What is special about Actinopterygii’s bones?

Answer 31

They have bones that helps them with calcium storage

Question 32

What is being described (present in Actinopterygii)?:
- Instead of having open slits like sharks, they have a single hardcover over their gills called the ________

Answer 32

Apriculum

Question 33

What makes the fins of Actinopterygii unique?

Answer 33

They are flexible with rays supporting these fins (are bony rays)

Question 34

What is most Actinopterygii (reproductively)?

Answer 34

Most of them are oovivrous (lays eggs—external fertilizers most of the time)

Question 35

What do most Actinopterygii’s have that evolved from lungs?

Answer 35

Gas bladders and swim bladder (unlike sharks)

Question 36

What do Actinopterygii have that sharks also have?

Answer 36

Cloaca

Question 37

Where are the hearts of Actinopterygii located?

Answer 37

It is ventrally located (they also have pharynx with gills)

Question 38

Which group of jawed fishes include coelacanths and lungfishes?

Answer 38

Sacropterygii (Sacro means fleshy/flesh) (pterygia means fins) (have fleshy, lobed fins)

Question 39

Which type of Sacropterygii were thought to be extinct for millions of years?

Answer 39

The Coelacanths

Question 40

Does Sarcopterygii still have rays?

Answer 40

Yes, they still do have rays (but they sit on big, lobed structures)

Question 41

Which type of Sarcopterygii is probably the sister taxa to the tetrapods?

Answer 41

The lungfishes

Question 42

What is the group of vertebrates with four limbs (these are the animals that have actual limbs for walking)?

Answer 42

Tetrapods (name means four feet)