Exam 3 Material (Part 1)

Question 1

What is being described?:
- Are sister taxa to green algae (have same photosynthetic pigments, use starch as their energy source, cell wall made of cellulose)
-development of MULTICELLULAR sporophyte embryo within maternal (female) gametophyte tissues separates from green algae
-ALL of these are multicellular
-has stomata (openings that allow CO2 in for photosynthesis)

Answer 1

Plant Characteristics

Question 2

In plants, gametes are ALWAYS…

Answer 2

Haploid/made through mitosis

Question 3

In plants, sporophytes are ALWAYS…

Answer 3

Diploid/made through meiosis

Question 4

In plants, the embryo is ALWAYS…

Answer 4

Multicelluar

Question 5

Sterile cells do NOT go through what (are mostly just protective)?

Answer 5

Mitosis

Question 6

Embryos and eggs are developed inside of what?

Answer 6

Female gametangium

Question 7

What is being described?
- NOT a monophyletic group
-are small b/c they don’t have vascular tissue (vascular tissue allowed plants to get big)
-non-vascular seedless plant
-earliest group of plants (have all characteristics)
-for them, the GAMETOPHYTE is the dominant generation
-require water for reproduction
-have to be small b/c they have vascular tissue
-sporophyte is kind of like a parasite

Answer 7

Bryophytes

Question 8

What is being described?:
- Could’ve been the 1st land plant
-do NOT have stomata (but they do have pores where gases can be exchanged)
-reproduce sexually AND asexually
-maybe the most primitive of the plant group
-makeup about 60,000 living species
-many have flattened thallases (NOT leaves
-ONLY vascular plants have leaves)
-have rhizoids (thread-like structures that act like roots
-do NOT have vascular tissue)
-have gemmae cups
-splashing rainwater drops help move sperm

Answer 8

Liverworts (type of bryophyte)

Question 9

What is being described?:
- About 900,000 species
-also have rhizoids
-have leaf-like structures called blades (only a single cell layer thick/unspecialized structure)
-stem-like structure
-sporophyte grows OUT of the gametophyte
-capsule have sporogenous cells (diploid)
-some will ONLY be female or male OR have BOTH parts

Answer 9

Mosses (type of bryophyte)

Question 10

What is being described?:
- Not very diverse
-only about 100 species
-cells of these plants have ONLY ONE large chloroplast (rather than the many disc-like ones in liverworts/mosses)
-sporophyte grows up to look like spike/horn (how the plant group gets its name)

Answer 10

Hornworts (type of bryophyte)

Question 11

Fruiting bodies release spores using what?

Answer 11

Ariel hyphae

Question 12

What is being described?:
- Have xylem and phloem but still do NOT have seeds (they reproduce using spores ONLY)
-they have true stems/roots b/c they’re vascular (plus true leaves)
-stems can be ariel (up in the air) or horizontal (will form underground rhizomes
-NOT the same as roots)

Answer 12

Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 13

What is being described?:
- Represent about 1200 species
-relatively small
-have true roots/stems
-have microphylls (only ones to have these)
-on their stem, they have special reproductive leaves, clustered in strobilus and would be filled w/ sporangia
-despite being called ______, they are NOT mosses
-SPOROPHYTE is the dominant generation (destroys gametophyte as it grows)
-prothallus is the gametophyte (gametophyte is NOT vascular)

Answer 13

Club Mosses (type of seedless vascular plant)

Question 14

What is being described?:
- The big group of seedless vascular plants (about 11,000 species)
-many have fronds (compound leaves made up of multiple leaflets)
-prothallus is the gametophyte while fronds come from sporophytes
-have sori on leaves (structures that have sporangia in them
-“upside down umbrella”)

Answer 14

Ferns (type of seedless vascular plant)

Question 15

What is being described?:
-12 species
-simplest of vascular plants
-they have no leaves/do NOT have true roots (but they do have horizontal rhizomes/ariel stems)
-they go through dichotomous branching (everyone branches into two)
-have sporangia growing on their stems
-grow from a NON-photosynthetic prothallus)

Answer 15

Whisk ferns

Question 16

What is being described?:
- Have tiny leaves that look like microphyll (but they are technically reduced megaphylls)
-they have a hollow stem (incorporate silica into the stem
-a primary component of sand
(is a defensive mechanism)
-have reproductive strobilus
-water required for reproduction

Answer 16

Horsetails

Question 17

What is being described?:
- Close as we get to seed plants w/o being seed plants (technically, seed plants do use this reproduction)
-different types of spores
-production of two types of spores (called megaspore and microspore)
-megaspore will grow up to become gametophytes (the female ones)
-the microspore will grow up to become the male gametophyte
-at this point, the male and female gametophytes are NEVER free-living (are the predecessors of seed
-mega- and microspores/this reproduction)

Answer 17

Heterosporous reproduction

Question 18

Do seed plants use heterosporous reproduction?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What is being described?:
- They DO use heterosporous reproduction
-do NOT require water for reproduction for pollination (unlike seedless plants)
-there are NO free-living gametophytes

Answer 19

Seed plant characteristics

Question 20

What is being described?:
- Ovule develops into the seed (megasporangium turns into the ovule)
-ovules get surrounded by integuments which form the seed coat
-Gymnosperms and Angiosperms differ in what happens to the ovule

Answer 20

Seeds and Pollination

Question 21

In angiosperms, is there an ovary wall surrounding the ovule?

Answer 21

Yes (that becomes the vessel where the seed is located)

Question 22

In gymnosperms, is there an ovary wall surrounding the ovule?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What is being described?:
- Means “naked seed”

Answer 23

Gymnosperm

Question 24

What is being described?:
- Means “seed is a vessel”

Answer 24

Angiosperm

Question 25

What is the ovary wall?

Answer 25

Fruit

Question 26

What is being described?:
- Are now extinct
-showed up before either angiosperms or gymnosperms (did NOT have seeds but spores/woody tissue—secondary xylem)

Answer 26

Protogymnosperms

Question 27

What is being described?:
- Probably ended up giving rise to cycads/genkoes (groups of gymnosperms)

Answer 27

Seed ferns

Question 28

-What is being described?:
-Form some of the most basic characteristics of having flowers—not what is typically thought about when thinking about angiosperms

Answer 28

Basal and core angiosperms

Question 29

What is being described?:
- Single vein/blade

Answer 29

Microphyll

Question 30

What is being described?:
- Has multiple veins (evolved from the branching of stems
-evolved due to decrease in CO2 during a specific era)

Answer 30

Megaphyll

Question 31

What is being described?:
- ______ have multicellular gametangium (not seen in green algae/gametes are created in a structure made of multiple cells/have a layer of sterile cells that protect the embryo) (embryo is multicellular)
-waxy cuticle/layer that is a part of the epidermis of the ______ (important for water retention)

Answer 31

General plant characteristics

Question 32

What is being described?:
- Carries water with dissolved organic materials (i.e., sugars)

Answer 32

Phloem

Question 33

What is being described?
- Carries water/dissolved minerals for plants

Answer 33

Xylem

Question 34

What is being described?:
- Includes paraphyletic group of Nonvascular Bryophytes (do NOT have vascular tissue
-xylem/phloem/are SEEDLESS), vascular seedless plants (NOT monophyletic
-do NOT make seeds but spores
-have vascular tissues/lignin), vascular seed plants (ARE monophyletic/produces seeds)

Answer 34

Major plant groups

Question 35

What is being described?:
- Transports food and water to bigger plants

Answer 35

Vascular tissue

Question 36

What is being described?:
- Makes the sperm

Answer 36

Antheridium

Question 37

What is being described?:
- Makes the egg

Answer 37

Archegonium/a