Exam 6 Material (Amphibians: Group of Vertebrates) Flashcards
What are the three orders/groups included in the amphibians?
Urodela, Anura, and Apoda
What does the name Urodela refer to?
The name refers to having a tail
What does the name Anura refer to?
The name refers to having no tail
What does the name Apoda refer to?
Refers to having no feet
What kind of respiration do pretty much all Amphibians use?
They all pretty much use cutaneous respiration
What is being described?:
- Transmission of gases across an organism’s skin
Cutaneous respiration
Where do most Amphibians return to reproduce?
They return to water to reproduce
Which group of Amphibians includes the Salamanders and Noodes?
Urodela
Does Urodelas return to water to reproduce?
Yes, they return to water to reproduce
What kind of feeders is Urodelas?
They are external fertilizers
What is special about the “life cycle” of Urodelas?
They will metamorphose from larva (tadpoles to their adult form—in that adult form they will have lost gills and developed legs)
What is special about Urodela’s diet?
Often there is a shift from an herbivorous (plant-based) diet (as larva) to a carnivorous diet (as an adult)
What features does Urodelas have?
- Tongues
- Eyelids
- A tympanic membrane (used to transmit sound)
What is being described (we get this is Urodelas)?:
- The retention of larva characteristics in a mature individual
Paedomorphosis
In Amphibians, we see how many types of circulation?
Two (pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation)
What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again)
Pulmonary circulation
What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart again
Systemic circulation
In Amphibians we see _____ ventricle but ____ atria in the heart
A single; two
What is being described (present in amphibians)?:
- They are what allow for systemic and pulmonary circulation with it being the main pusher of the blood to the rest of the body)
The importance of the two atria
Which group of Amphibians get their name because of one of the multiple membranes that surround the embryo/are adjacent to the embryo and the amnion immediately surrounds the embryo and protects it?
Amniotes
What is being described (present in Amniotes)?:
- Supplies liquid for the developing embryo and protects it (helps to combat the challenges of living on land)
Amnion
What type of group are the Amniotes?
The Amniotes are a monophyletic group (derive from an ancestor with amniotic egg)
What are some of the adaptations that Amniotes made to live on land?
- Kidneys that are really good at conserving water
- Skin that is non-permeable
What two groups can Amniotes be broken up into?
Synapsids and Dipasids
What does Synapdis lead to?
Synapsids lead to mammals
What do Dipasids lead to?
Dipasids lead to reptiles and birds
What would make Reptiles a monophyletic group?
The reptiles would not be a monophyletic group unless you include the birds
What type of hearts do MOST Reptiles have (with some exceptions)?
Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart
Which types of Reptiles have a four-chambered heart?
- Crocodiles
- Birds
- Dinos
- Pterosaurs
Which type of Reptile has these features?
- Scally legs
- Feathers
- Beaks or bills (instead of teeth)
Birds
What do Birds have that allows them to have a one-way respiratory
- air enters the body one way going through the lungs and exits the body in a different pathway
Air sacks
What type of heart do Birds have (is important for good circulatory/respiratory function) (is important because they are so endothermic and have a high metabolism and they burn through energy at a higher level)?
Four-chambered heart
Why don’t Birds have teeth?
Birds do not have teeth because teeth have a lot of weight in the front end, which would pull them down when they tried to fly)
What do Birds have a lot of in their bones?
They have a lot of airspace in their bones
What do Birds have that makes up for them not having teeth (a storage region in their esophagus that feeds through part of their stomach called the gizzard)?
Crop
What is being described (present in Birds)?:
- Is muscular/often has sand or other hard materials that can squeeze the food in the place of teeth)
Gizzard
What makes Birds different compared to other reptiles?
- They have relatively large brains
- They do a lot of vocalizations
- They have large migratory pathways
What features do Mammals have that make them unique?
- Hair
- Mammary glands that produce milk
- 3 inner earbones for hearing
- Differentiated teeth (teeth that serve different functions)
- Are endothermic (being able to break down food more efficiently means you get energy quicker)
What structures do Mammals have that make the unique?
- They have a diaphragm (lies posterior to the ribcage)
- A four-chambered heart (helps to keep fresh, oxygenated blood separate from used, deoxygenated blood)
What is the size of the brain of Mammals?
They have relatively large brains
What are most Mammals (reproductively)?
Most Mammals are viviorous (live birth—except monotreme Mammals which lay eggs—Metatheria give birth to under-developed young that will latch on to a nipple in the pouch and develop into a baby)
Which group of mammals are the most diverse and have a full-term birth?
Eutherian Mammals
Which groups are sister taxa to each other but are distantly related (example of convergent evolution) (natural selection gave way to their similar body types in their niche environments)?
Eutherian and Marsupial Mammals
