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Biology II > Exam 6 Material (Amphibians: Group of Vertebrates) > Flashcards

Exam 6 Material (Amphibians: Group of Vertebrates) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three orders/groups included in the amphibians?

A

Urodela, Anura, and Apoda

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2
Q

What does the name Urodela refer to?

A

The name refers to having a tail

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3
Q

What does the name Anura refer to?

A

The name refers to having no tail

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4
Q

What does the name Apoda refer to?

A

Refers to having no feet

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5
Q

What kind of respiration do pretty much all Amphibians use?

A

They all pretty much use cutaneous respiration

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6
Q

What is being described?:
- Transmission of gases across an organism’s skin

A

Cutaneous respiration

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7
Q

Where do most Amphibians return to reproduce?

A

They return to water to reproduce

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8
Q

Which group of Amphibians includes the Salamanders and Noodes?

A

Urodela

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9
Q

Does Urodelas return to water to reproduce?

A

Yes, they return to water to reproduce

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10
Q

What kind of feeders is Urodelas?

A

They are external fertilizers

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11
Q

What is special about the “life cycle” of Urodelas?

A

They will metamorphose from larva (tadpoles to their adult form—in that adult form they will have lost gills and developed legs)

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12
Q

What is special about Urodela’s diet?

A

Often there is a shift from an herbivorous (plant-based) diet (as larva) to a carnivorous diet (as an adult)

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13
Q

What features does Urodelas have?

A
  • Tongues
  • Eyelids
  • A tympanic membrane (used to transmit sound)
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14
Q

What is being described (we get this is Urodelas)?:
- The retention of larva characteristics in a mature individual

A

Paedomorphosis

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15
Q

In Amphibians, we see how many types of circulation?

A

Two (pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation)

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16
Q

What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again)

A

Pulmonary circulation

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17
Q

What is being described (present in Amphibians)?:
- Blood circulation from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart again

A

Systemic circulation

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18
Q

In Amphibians we see _____ ventricle but ____ atria in the heart

A

A single; two

19
Q

What is being described (present in amphibians)?:
- They are what allow for systemic and pulmonary circulation with it being the main pusher of the blood to the rest of the body)

A

The importance of the two atria

20
Q

Which group of Amphibians get their name because of one of the multiple membranes that surround the embryo/are adjacent to the embryo and the amnion immediately surrounds the embryo and protects it?

A

Amniotes

21
Q

What is being described (present in Amniotes)?:
- Supplies liquid for the developing embryo and protects it (helps to combat the challenges of living on land)

A

Amnion

22
Q

What type of group are the Amniotes?

A

The Amniotes are a monophyletic group (derive from an ancestor with amniotic egg)

23
Q

What are some of the adaptations that Amniotes made to live on land?

A
  • Kidneys that are really good at conserving water
  • Skin that is non-permeable
24
Q

What two groups can Amniotes be broken up into?

A

Synapsids and Dipasids

25
Q

What does Synapdis lead to?

A

Synapsids lead to mammals

26
Q

What do Dipasids lead to?

A

Dipasids lead to reptiles and birds

27
Q

What would make Reptiles a monophyletic group?

A

The reptiles would not be a monophyletic group unless you include the birds

28
Q

What type of hearts do MOST Reptiles have (with some exceptions)?

A

Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart

29
Q

Which types of Reptiles have a four-chambered heart?

A
  • Crocodiles
  • Birds
  • Dinos
  • Pterosaurs
30
Q

Which type of Reptile has these features?
- Scally legs
- Feathers
- Beaks or bills (instead of teeth)

A

Birds

31
Q

What do Birds have that allows them to have a one-way respiratory
- air enters the body one way going through the lungs and exits the body in a different pathway

A

Air sacks

32
Q

What type of heart do Birds have (is important for good circulatory/respiratory function) (is important because they are so endothermic and have a high metabolism and they burn through energy at a higher level)?

A

Four-chambered heart

33
Q

Why don’t Birds have teeth?

A

Birds do not have teeth because teeth have a lot of weight in the front end, which would pull them down when they tried to fly)

34
Q

What do Birds have a lot of in their bones?

A

They have a lot of airspace in their bones

35
Q

What do Birds have that makes up for them not having teeth (a storage region in their esophagus that feeds through part of their stomach called the gizzard)?

A

Crop

36
Q

What is being described (present in Birds)?:
- Is muscular/often has sand or other hard materials that can squeeze the food in the place of teeth)

A

Gizzard

37
Q

What makes Birds different compared to other reptiles?

A
  • They have relatively large brains
  • They do a lot of vocalizations
  • They have large migratory pathways
38
Q

What features do Mammals have that make them unique?

A
  • Hair
  • Mammary glands that produce milk
  • 3 inner earbones for hearing
  • Differentiated teeth (teeth that serve different functions)
  • Are endothermic (being able to break down food more efficiently means you get energy quicker)
39
Q

What structures do Mammals have that make the unique?

A
  • They have a diaphragm (lies posterior to the ribcage)
  • A four-chambered heart (helps to keep fresh, oxygenated blood separate from used, deoxygenated blood)
40
Q

What is the size of the brain of Mammals?

A

They have relatively large brains

41
Q

What are most Mammals (reproductively)?

A

Most Mammals are viviorous (live birth—except monotreme Mammals which lay eggs—Metatheria give birth to under-developed young that will latch on to a nipple in the pouch and develop into a baby)

42
Q

Which group of mammals are the most diverse and have a full-term birth?

A

Eutherian Mammals

43
Q

Which groups are sister taxa to each other but are distantly related (example of convergent evolution) (natural selection gave way to their similar body types in their niche environments)?

A

Eutherian and Marsupial Mammals

Biology II (31 decks)

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