exam 4: psychopharmacology Flashcards
what are the types of antidepressants?
SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, serotonin agonists
how much does humira cost the U.S. vs Canada?
$6,992, $1,950
t or f: generics are normally cheaper than original patented drug
true
what is double-blind research?
neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment or intervention each participant is receiving
type of anti-depressant
- block certain 5-HT receptors to redirect to other receptors
serotonin antagonists
how many drugs are approved for human use?
22%
what happens to a person at BAL 0.08?
negatively impacts hippocampus, unpredictably affects memory (blackouts)
what are examples of morphine and heroin?
endorphins and fentanyl
how much do generics for humira cost?
$995/m
are drugs ever tested for long term effects?
no
what is an active placebo?
a placebo “drug” or “vaccine” that mimics the side effects or other characteristics of the actual drug/vaccine
___________ drug effects:
- blocks synthesis of NT molecules
- causes NT molecules to leak from vesicles and get destroyed by enzymes
- blocks release of NT molecules from terminal button
- activates auto-receptors and inhibits NT release
- binds to post synaptic receptors and blocks effect of NT
antagonistic
drug that blocks the deactivation of NT molecules
agonistic
drug
- CNS stimulant (monoamine agonist)
- increase in DA in nucleus accumbens (lead to euphoria, pleasure, addiction)
- Adderall (DA and NE reuptake inhibitor)
- increase in 5-HT (decrease ability to regulate behavior in prefrontal cortex, increase drug-seeking behavior)
- negative effects of cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract
amphetamines
drug
- matches anandamide receptors
- monoamine agonist (increase effectiveness of 5-HT, DA, NE)
- decrease function of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia
- decrease self-control, learning/memory, balance, reaction time, complicated task performance
marijuana
what are the testing paradigms for drug approval?
animal models first then clinical trials with humans, starts with healthy volunteers first and then volunteers from the target clinical population
how much do generics for SSRI’s cost?
$30-$50/m
drug
- CNS stimulant (monoamine agonist)
- increase in DA in nucleus accumbens (lead to euphoria, pleasure, addiction)
- increase in 5-HT (decrease ability to regulate behavior in prefrontal cortex, increase drug-seeking behavior)
- negative effects of cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract
cocaine
drug
- natural plant pesticide
- mild stimulant
- blocks adenosine receptors (increase alertness)
- slight increase in Epi, DA (increase in Epi leads to jitters)
caffeine
drug
- binds with Ach receptors
- increases heart rate/blood pressure
- increases DA release in nucleus accumbens
- pleasure and addiction
- hijacks pleasure mechanism
nicotine
drug for anti-stress and anxiety
- amobarbital, phenobarbital, etc.
- increases sensitivity to GABA
- increases DA release in nucleus accumbens
- pleasure and addiction
barbiturates
what are generics?
drug created after patent for a new drug expires (often up to 20 years)
what happens to a person at BAL 0.15?
hippocampus shuts down, leaving a total lack of memory (some people can still function but no memory)
drug
- synthetic opioid
- increases 5-HT and DA in nucleus accumbens
- analgesic, pain relief, anesthetic, pleasure and addiction
- 100 times more potent than morphine; 50 times more than heroin
fentanyl
