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physiological psychology > exam 3: sleep > Flashcards

exam 3: sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

t or f: animals that go through hibernation secrete melatonin

A

true

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2
Q

t or f: melatonin doesn’t put us to sleep but helps with preparation for sleep

A

true

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3
Q

the ______ has spots for muscle twitches all throughout it which get turned on during REM sleep

A

pons

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4
Q

what is adenosine blocked by?

A

caffeine

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5
Q

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

why do dreams occur?

A

because the brain has thoughts but no conscious control

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7
Q

in humans there are only two types of sleep deprivation you can study, _____________ and _____________

A

short-term total sleep deprivation and chronic-partial sleep deprivation

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8
Q

where is the locus coeruleus located?

A

in the back upper portion of the pons

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9
Q

t or f: irregular sleep makes the brain have a habit of going to sleep anywhere you are relatively stable and quiet (irregular sleep is regarding timing and duration)

A

true

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10
Q

what is the major driver of melatonin release?

A

pineal gland

uses norepinephrine and dopamine

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11
Q

what do k-complexes look like?

A

slow frequency, high amplitude waves

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12
Q

what are the three polygraphs used for sleep?

A

electroencephalograms (EEG), electromyograms (EMG), electrooculograms (EOG)

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13
Q

what are the two states of wakefulness?

A

alert (beta activity) and relaxed (alpha activity)

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14
Q

functions of sleep

A

protein synthesis, memory consolidation/connections, immune system repaired, good heart health, regulates body weight, resets biological clock, and brain plasticity at synapse

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15
Q

what is non-REM sleep?

A

every stage of sleep that isn’t REM

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16
Q

what happens in REM sleep?

A

muscle tone is a flat line, meaning no voluntary muscle tone

muscle twitches

rapid eye movements

dreams

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17
Q

what is the relationship between dopamine and melatonin?

A

DA inhibits NE which lowers/inhibits melatonin release

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18
Q

explain chronic-partial sleep deprivation

A

during the week you aren’t sleeping enough and have very inconsistent sleeping times and duration causing you to sleep rebound on the weekend

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19
Q

what part of the brain has these functions…

contributes to delta waves in SWS and is the reason for lack of voluntary muscle activity in REM sleep

A

locus coeruleus

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20
Q

what do EOG’s measure?

A

eye movements

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21
Q

explain the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH)

A

increased activity, inhibits wake

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22
Q

t or f: humans are designed to sleep during the night and wake during the day

A

true

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23
Q

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

maintains our internal clock (circadian rhythm) through protein synthesis

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24
Q

what is the relationship between norepinephrine and melatonin?

A

NE increases melatonin release

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25
Q

what happens when someone switches from wake to stage 1 sleep?

A

huge drop in muscle tone

26
Q

explain what a NREM/REM cycle would look like

A

90 minute cycle on average, at the end of every 90 minutes you are in REM sleep

by the end of the night it is a 50/50 between stage two sleep and REM sleep

27
Q

t or f: if you want to look at sleep deprivation in humans, you have to do it for more than 11 days

A

true

28
Q

what is seen in stage two of sleep?

A

sleep spindles and K-complexes; also a slight drop in muscle tone

29
Q

what does napping do?

A

resets the homeostatic sleep pressure because it stops the build up of adenosine

30
Q

results of the rat model methodology

A

experimental rat was totally sleep deprived and the control rat was partially sleep-deprived

31
Q

explain the circadian rhythm:

A

keeps us aroused during the day and decreases near bedtime, then decreases while you sleep and resets, continuing the cycle

32
Q

explain what it means when sleep “resets the biological clock”

A

we usually feel better in the morning, don’t crave sugar or snacks, function better emotionally in the morning or day instead of the night

33
Q

t or f: we often dream about what we worry about

A

true

34
Q

what is seen in stage four of sleep?

A

over 50% of a page is delta waves

35
Q

how does the scoring process work in polygraphs?

A

30 seconds of the night = 1 whole page of paper

36
Q

without the sun to help us stay in stable circadian rhythm, the internal rhythm fragments and can get closer to __ hours

A

33

37
Q

what is seen in stage three of sleep?

A

there is between 20-50% of delta waves present on a page

38
Q

explain what it means when the brain goes through brain plasticity at synapse during sleep

A

while sleeping, a “housekeeping” crew cleans out the synapses to bring availability to learn new things and create new synapses

39
Q

what happened during the bunker studies?

A

the participants went to sleep an hour later and woke up an hour later each day

also showed that our internal rhythm is much closer to 25 hours but the sun is what forces us to a 24 hour clock

40
Q

t or f: muscles under the chin are particularly sensitive to sleep

i.e. our mouths falling open while sleeping

A

true

41
Q

when does slow wave sleep occur?

A

primarily at the beginning of the night

42
Q

explain the function of the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)

A

increases activity, inhibits wake

43
Q

give an example of beta activity

A

in a classroom actively paying attention

44
Q

explain the voluntary sleep deprivation research study conducted by a high school student

A

he stayed awake 11 days and it was shown that he had no major negative effects to his performance, health, or well-being

after he began to sleep again, he slept a lot in ~10 hour long episodes until about 2-3 days he was back on his normal sleeping schedule

45
Q

t or f: you are most alert at 7-8pm

A

true, but varies depending on how stable you sleep schedule is

46
Q

increased Ach, increased GABA, increased wake
​
while sleeping: increased REM sleep and lowers slow wave sleep

A

functions of basal forebrain area

47
Q

t or f: the brain wakes during REM sleep

A

true

48
Q

what do EMG’s measure?

A

muscle activity

49
Q

t or f: the easiest way to tell when someone switches from wakefulness to sleep is by their muscle tone

A

true

50
Q

what are the nonvisual photoreceptors?

A

some of the ganglion cells in the retina that are sensitive to light that have melanopsin

part of the optic nerve and go to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

51
Q

uses serotonin to calm the Raphe nuclei
​
Ach increases wakefulness
​
increased activity here will increase wakefullness

A

reticular activating system

52
Q

what are the stages of sleep?

A

wake, stage one (N1), stage two (N2), stage three (N3), stage four (N4), and REM sleep

53
Q

give an example of alpha activity

A

sitting at home relaxing and watching t.v.

54
Q

results of the university of Chicago rat study

A

experimental rat died on average ~21 days after the experiment also had plummeted body temperature

control rat never died

55
Q

what waves are most present in the stage one of sleep?

A

theta rhythms (similar to beta waves, not quite as fast but similar amplitude

56
Q

average sleep for college students on weekends

A

8.5 to 9.5 hours

57
Q

explain the homeostatic process:

A

adenosine builds while awake encouraging sleepiness and sleep which resets at night once you sleep, beginning the process again

58
Q

what do EEG’s measure?

A

the electrical activity in the brain (gives a very broad measure)

59
Q

explain the function of the pons

A

REM sleep because of the locus coeruleus

NE causes behavioral arousal twitches which is why areas in the pons cause muscle twitches (rapid eye movements as well)

60
Q

increased glutamate, increases excitation during wakefulness, lowers activity during sleep

A

intralaminar nuclei area

61
Q

average sleep for college students on weekdays

A

7 to 7.5 hours

62
Q

what are sleep rebounds?

A

when people more on weekends because of a lack of enough sleep on weekdays (clear sign they need more sleep)

physiological psychology (16 decks)

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