exam 3: sleep Flashcards

1
Q

t or f: animals that go through hibernation secrete melatonin

A

true

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2
Q

t or f: melatonin doesn’t put us to sleep but helps with preparation for sleep

A

true

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3
Q

the ______ has spots for muscle twitches all throughout it which get turned on during REM sleep

A

pons

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4
Q

what is adenosine blocked by?

A

caffeine

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5
Q

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

hypothalamus

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6
Q

why do dreams occur?

A

because the brain has thoughts but no conscious control

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7
Q

in humans there are only two types of sleep deprivation you can study, _____________ and _____________

A

short-term total sleep deprivation and chronic-partial sleep deprivation

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8
Q

where is the locus coeruleus located?

A

in the back upper portion of the pons

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9
Q

t or f: irregular sleep makes the brain have a habit of going to sleep anywhere you are relatively stable and quiet (irregular sleep is regarding timing and duration)

A

true

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10
Q

what is the major driver of melatonin release?

A

pineal gland

uses norepinephrine and dopamine

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11
Q

what do k-complexes look like?

A

slow frequency, high amplitude waves

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12
Q

what are the three polygraphs used for sleep?

A

electroencephalograms (EEG), electromyograms (EMG), electrooculograms (EOG)

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13
Q

what are the two states of wakefulness?

A

alert (beta activity) and relaxed (alpha activity)

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14
Q

functions of sleep

A

protein synthesis, memory consolidation/connections, immune system repaired, good heart health, regulates body weight, resets biological clock, and brain plasticity at synapse

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15
Q

what is non-REM sleep?

A

every stage of sleep that isn’t REM

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16
Q

what happens in REM sleep?

A

muscle tone is a flat line, meaning no voluntary muscle tone

muscle twitches

rapid eye movements

dreams

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17
Q

what is the relationship between dopamine and melatonin?

A

DA inhibits NE which lowers/inhibits melatonin release

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18
Q

explain chronic-partial sleep deprivation

A

during the week you aren’t sleeping enough and have very inconsistent sleeping times and duration causing you to sleep rebound on the weekend

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19
Q

what part of the brain has these functions…

contributes to delta waves in SWS and is the reason for lack of voluntary muscle activity in REM sleep

A

locus coeruleus

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20
Q

what do EOG’s measure?

A

eye movements

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21
Q

explain the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH)

A

increased activity, inhibits wake

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22
Q

t or f: humans are designed to sleep during the night and wake during the day

A

true

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23
Q

what is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

maintains our internal clock (circadian rhythm) through protein synthesis

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24
Q

what is the relationship between norepinephrine and melatonin?

A

NE increases melatonin release

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25
what happens when someone switches from wake to stage 1 sleep?
huge drop in muscle tone
26
explain what a NREM/REM cycle would look like
90 minute cycle on average, at the end of every 90 minutes you are in REM sleep by the end of the night it is a 50/50 between stage two sleep and REM sleep
27
t or f: if you want to look at sleep deprivation in humans, you have to do it for more than 11 days
true
28
what is seen in stage two of sleep?
sleep spindles and K-complexes; also a slight drop in muscle tone
29
what does napping do?
resets the homeostatic sleep pressure because it stops the build up of adenosine
30
results of the rat model methodology
experimental rat was totally sleep deprived and the control rat was partially sleep-deprived
31
explain the circadian rhythm:
keeps us aroused during the day and decreases near bedtime, then decreases while you sleep and resets, continuing the cycle
32
explain what it means when sleep "resets the biological clock"
we usually feel better in the morning, don't crave sugar or snacks, function better emotionally in the morning or day instead of the night
33
t or f: we often dream about what we worry about
true
34
what is seen in stage four of sleep?
over 50% of a page is delta waves
35
how does the scoring process work in polygraphs?
30 seconds of the night = 1 whole page of paper
36
without the sun to help us stay in stable circadian rhythm, the internal rhythm fragments and can get closer to __ hours
33
37
what is seen in stage three of sleep?
there is between 20-50% of delta waves present on a page
38
explain what it means when the brain goes through brain plasticity at synapse during sleep
while sleeping, a "housekeeping" crew cleans out the synapses to bring availability to learn new things and create new synapses
39
what happened during the bunker studies?
the participants went to sleep an hour later and woke up an hour later each day also showed that our internal rhythm is much closer to 25 hours but the sun is what forces us to a 24 hour clock
40
t or f: muscles under the chin are particularly sensitive to sleep i.e. our mouths falling open while sleeping
true
41
when does slow wave sleep occur?
primarily at the beginning of the night
42
explain the function of the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)
increases activity, inhibits wake
43
give an example of beta activity
in a classroom actively paying attention
44
explain the voluntary sleep deprivation research study conducted by a high school student
he stayed awake 11 days and it was shown that he had no major negative effects to his performance, health, or well-being after he began to sleep again, he slept a lot in ~10 hour long episodes until about 2-3 days he was back on his normal sleeping schedule
45
t or f: you are most alert at 7-8pm
true, but varies depending on how stable you sleep schedule is
46
increased Ach, increased GABA, increased wake ​ while sleeping: increased REM sleep and lowers slow wave sleep
functions of basal forebrain area
47
t or f: the brain wakes during REM sleep
true
48
what do EMG's measure?
muscle activity
49
t or f: the easiest way to tell when someone switches from wakefulness to sleep is by their muscle tone
true
50
what are the nonvisual photoreceptors?
some of the ganglion cells in the retina that are sensitive to light that have melanopsin part of the optic nerve and go to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
51
uses serotonin to calm the Raphe nuclei ​ Ach increases wakefulness ​ increased activity here will increase wakefullness
reticular activating system
52
what are the stages of sleep?
wake, stage one (N1), stage two (N2), stage three (N3), stage four (N4), and REM sleep
53
give an example of alpha activity
sitting at home relaxing and watching t.v.
54
results of the university of Chicago rat study
experimental rat died on average ~21 days after the experiment also had plummeted body temperature control rat never died
55
what waves are most present in the stage one of sleep?
theta rhythms (similar to beta waves, not quite as fast but similar amplitude
56
average sleep for college students on weekends
8.5 to 9.5 hours
57
explain the homeostatic process:
adenosine builds while awake encouraging sleepiness and sleep which resets at night once you sleep, beginning the process again
58
what do EEG's measure?
the electrical activity in the brain (gives a very broad measure)
59
explain the function of the pons
REM sleep because of the locus coeruleus NE causes behavioral arousal twitches which is why areas in the pons cause muscle twitches (rapid eye movements as well)
60
increased glutamate, increases excitation during wakefulness, lowers activity during sleep
intralaminar nuclei area
61
average sleep for college students on weekdays
7 to 7.5 hours
62
what are sleep rebounds?
when people more on weekends because of a lack of enough sleep on weekdays (clear sign they need more sleep)