exam 4: learning and memory

Question 1

what does memory consolidation through rehearsal lead to?

Answer 1

leads to long-term memory

Question 2

when ___ (RNA or DNA) is blocked, it decreases memory

Answer 2

RNA

Question 3

working memory does not equal ____ _____ memory

Answer 3

long term

Question 4

what are two things seen in alzheimer’s patients?

Answer 4

neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta proteins

Question 5

t or f: every disruption in your environment disrupts the loop of the hippocampal formation, making it less efficient/effective

Answer 5

true

Question 6

give examples of priming in real life:

Answer 6

housing prices, politics, advertising

Question 7

t or f: priming is part of the story telling brain

Answer 7

true

Question 8

are both implicit and explicit memory part of long term memory?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

why do neurons change shape in the basis of learning and memory?

Answer 9

to get more effective (allows them to get more efficient at communicating)

Question 10

the repetitive loop of actions potential looping through the __________ __________ ___________ is what equals learning

Answer 10

hippocampal formation pathway

Question 11

what is a flashbulb memory?

Answer 11

vivid and long-lasting memory of a surprising or shocking event

Question 12

if something were to go wrong in the ______________ you would have some sort of amnesia

Answer 12

hippocampus

Question 13

what are the two types of memory that sometimes work interchangeably in explicit memory?

Answer 13

semantic and episodic

Question 14

what are AMPA receptors?

Answer 14

chemical receptors, connect to Na+ ion channels

Question 15

t or f: when we recall a memory it is common that we change it

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what does Ach, 5-HT have to to do with memory?

Answer 16

improves memory process

Question 17

process of __________ _________:

• action potential enters through entorhinal cortex
• goes through perforant pathway and dentate dyrus
• then forms synapse, forming another pathway (mossy fiber pathway)
• goes through CA3 and fornix
• makes connections in limbic system and cortex around it and synapses with other neurons
• schaffer collateral pathway formed and axons synapse with neurons in CA1 area
• exit through entorhinal cortex

Answer 17

hippocampal formation

Question 18

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 18

difficulty making new memories after a traumatic event (to hippocampus)

Question 19

what are neurofibrillary tangles?

Answer 19

something has changed within the neurons themselves

Question 20

what does NE/Epi have to do with memory?

Answer 20

improves emotional memories (short-term) through the amygdala

Question 21

what happens to nucleotide arrangement during learning or memory?

Answer 21

RNA/DNA changes

Question 22

what could H.M. no longer learn?

Answer 22

new people, conversations, rules, locations

Question 23

what is episodic memory?

Answer 23

personal experiences in your life

Question 24

________ memory uses constant effort

Answer 24

explicit

Question 25

person’s ability to observe, analyze and understand visual information in their environment

Answer 25

visuospatial learning

Question 26

what are NMDA receptors?

Answer 26

chemical receptors blocked by Mg++, voltage receptors activated by long term potentiation can move Mg++, connect to Na+ and Ca++ ion channels

Question 27

t or f: calcium allows learning to occur

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 28

loss of memory prior to the traumatic event (to hippocampus)

Question 29

t or f: our personal perception of an event changes how we remember it

Answer 29

true

Question 30

explain what happened to H.M. and severe epileptic patient

Answer 30

he had severe epilepsy and life threatening seizures, had his medial temporal lobe removed and had severe damage to his learning capabilites

Question 31

what are amyloid beta protein?

Answer 31

plaques in the brain

Question 32

what is semantic memory?

Answer 32

learning factual knowledge

Question 33

what is an emotional memory?

Answer 33

a memory of an event that evoked a strong emotional response

Question 34

what do the amygdala and hippocampus have to do with memory?

Answer 34

epinephrine and cortisol (from SAM and HPA)
leads to flashbulb and emotional memories

Question 35

____ (NMDA or AMPA) antagonists block memory

Answer 35

NMDA

Question 36

what is the hippocampal formation?

Answer 36

cortex that is immediately around the hippocampus and some of the limbic system; brings about learning and memory

Question 37

how does cellular modification in memory work?

Answer 37

calcium must be present to modify shape

Question 38

what could H.M. still learn?

Answer 38

more automatic memories/skills (implicit learning)

what shown fragments of an elephant picture until it created a full elephant then was shown same picture a few days later and knew it was an elephant from the few fragments in the beginning but didn’t know why he knew

Question 39

how are NMDA and AMPA receptors affected by sleep loss?

Answer 39

negative effects, decreases synaptic connections and brain plasticity

Question 40

t or f: brain damage to the hippocampal formation will result in troubles with memory and learning

Answer 40

true

Question 41

what are parts of the cellular basis of learning and memory?

Answer 41

nucleotide rearrangement, long-term potentiation, AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors, cellular modification