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physiological psychology > exam 4: emotional behavior and stress > Flashcards

exam 4: emotional behavior and stress Flashcards

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1
Q

explain the story of Phineas gage

A

a rod went through his orbitofrontal cortex which gave us an example as to how the orbitofrontal cortex is what makes us who we are because he was a different person after (more vulgar, couldn’t hold jobs, etc.)

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2
Q

explain the prefrontal lobotomy

A

mostly done on women or psychiatric patients, doctors originally thought it’d help them calm down

took an icepick and a hammer and hammered through the thin bone in front of the prefrontal cortex and moved the icepick around

they never functioned the same as damage was done to their prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

part of the brain that allows us to control our emotions and make decisions beyond our emotional response

A

prefrontal lobe

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4
Q

part of the brain that controls our behavior in some way

A

cingulate gyrus

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5
Q

part of the brain that involves fear reactivity (many of our emotions are based on fears)

A

amygdala

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6
Q

process where the upper cortex exerts control (prefrontal cortex exerts control through cingulate gyrus)

A

hierarchical control

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7
Q

parts of the brain involved in emotional regulation

A

prefrontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hierarchical control

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8
Q

what neural control of emotions does the lateral portion of the hypothalamus have?

A

pleasure and rage

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9
Q

what neural control of emotions does the medial portion of the hypothalamus have?

A

aversion, displeasure, and uncontrollable/loud laughter

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10
Q

what neural control of emotions does the hypothalamus have in general?

A

involved in the expression of emotions like how we express emotions with our facial expressions, body language, or verbally

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11
Q

what neural control of emotions does the amygdala have in general?

A

control input to other brain areas

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12
Q

what does the limbic system have to do with emotions?

A

it is the center of fear response which generates other emotional activity

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13
Q

brain regions & behavioral and physiological responses:

sympathetic activation: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and paleness

A

lateral hypothalamus

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14
Q

brain regions & behavioral and physiological responses:

behavioral arousal (dopamine)

A

ventral tegmental area

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15
Q

brain regions & behavioral and physiological responses:

increased vigilance (acetylcholine)

A

locus coeruleus

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16
Q

brain regions & behavioral and physiological responses:

behavioral arrest (freezing)

A

periaqueductal gray matter

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17
Q

brain regions & behavioral and physiological responses:

ACTH, glucocorticoid secretion

A

paraventricular nucleus

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18
Q

what brain regions exert bottom-up control?

A

hypothalamus and amygdala

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19
Q

what brain regions exert top-down control?

A

prefrontal cortex and other cortex areas

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20
Q

what is the shuttle box test?

A

two chambers, one chamber has a grid floor where electrical shock can be applied and there is a hole that connects the two

when rats would hear a bell, they would run to the safe chamber to be safe from shock

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21
Q

what are examples of a negative conditioned emotional response?

A

fear of dogs, dentist’s drills

22
Q

what are examples of a positive conditioned emotional response?

A

love of dogs, a couples song they share together

23
Q

examples of major life event stressors

A

death of a loved one, choosing a college

24
Q

examples of daily hassle stressors

A

parking on campus, traffic

25
Q

examples of environmental stressors

A

noise, crowding (not having an area alone)

26
Q

examples of work and workload stress or stressors

A

burnout

27
Q

who harbors the most role overload?

A

women

28
Q

who is the most stressed population we have?

A

caregivers (mostly women)

29
Q

t or f: we get better at coping with stress and other things as we age

A

true

30
Q

what are some signs of too much stress?

A

prolonged sleep, regular and severe headaches, constant anger or irritability, weight loss or gain, inability to concentrate

31
Q

what are ways to aim for eustress?

A

better sleep habits, slow down breathing, better focus

32
Q

the order in which the endocrine system reacts/handles stress:

A

sympathoadrenal medullar system

  1. sympathetic NS and hormones
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary
  4. adrenal medulla
  5. adrenal cortex
33
Q

what is the sympathoadrenal medullar system made of?

A

kidney’s, sympathetic nervous system, and hormones

34
Q

in regards to SAM, what does the sympathetic NS and hormones do?

A

fight or flight response

35
Q

in regards to SAM, what does the hypothalamus do?

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CPH) aka CRF, hormones that affect pituitary gland

36
Q

in regards to SAM, what does the pituitary gland do?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

37
Q

in regards to SAM, what does the adrenal medulla do?

A

release epinephrine and norepinephrine

38
Q

in regards to SAM, what does the adrenal cortex do?

A

release cortisol
glucocorticoids
activate paraventricular nucleus, cortisol takes 30 min to peak (helps calm system)

39
Q

features of the (SAM) sympathoadrenal medullar system

A

quick response, allows fast adaptive responding

40
Q

features of the (HPA) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system

A

longer-term response with feedback loop
works in conjunction with SAM system (CRH and ACTH)

41
Q

in regards to HPA, what does adrenal cortex do?

A

release cortisol, encourages homeostasis, promotes healing, and manage stress

42
Q

in regards to HPA, what does cortisol and hippocampus do?

A

hippocampus regulates and decreases cortisol levels

43
Q

what is hypercortisolism?

A

too much cortisol, damages hippocampus

44
Q

t or f: extreme stress is related to alzheimers

A

true

45
Q

what are longer term effects of unrelenting stress?

A

adrenal exhaustion (less cortisol) causes hypercortisolism

46
Q

t or f: release of cortisol encourages homeostasis

A

true

47
Q

remember..

adrenal cortex -> ______cortisol
hippocampus -> ______cortisol

A

remember..

adrenal cortex -> release cortisol
hippocampus -> monitors cortisol

48
Q

t or f: SAM and HPA systems overreact (react to real threats but also perceived or imagined)

A

true

49
Q

what encourages the overreaction of SAM and HPA systems?

A

modern society

50
Q

t or f: a lot of stress we experience is over reactivity of stress response

A

true

51
Q

how to manage stress:

A

prioritize sleep, slow down breathing, cognitive appraisal (think better), focused physical activity, organize deadlines or tasks effectively, nurture the right friendships

physiological psychology (16 decks)

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