Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OTC > Exam 4 - Pathophysiology of GI Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Pathophysiology of GI Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

(CGI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Gastric acid secretion in response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vagal nerve stimulation also induces cells to secrete histamine and HCl. What are these cells and which ones produce histamine vs HCl?

A

ECL cells secrete histamine
Parietal cells secrete HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus, prompting the ____ nerve to release ____

A

Vagus
Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What receptor does acetylcholine bind to on stomach parietal cells? What does it cause them to produce?

A

Muscarinic receptors
HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does the gastric phase occur

A

When food enters to stomach to stimulate HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is distention?

A

Aka bloating

Occurs when food fills the stomach

Acetylcholine release is activated to stimulate HCl production in parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What stimulates ECL cells to make histamine? This induces parietal cells to make ____ via ____

A

Gastrin

Make HCl via H+/K+ ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ is pumped out of parietal cell via H+/K+ ATPase

A

H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____ follows H+ out of parietal cell into the stomach = HCl

A

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Stage where duodenum responds to arriving stomach-processed food (chyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein metabolism

A

ACh stimulates stomach chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by HCl to digest protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What form are most fats in the human diet?

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What enzyme digests globules of fats

A

Lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Orlistat MOA

A

Inhibits hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids in the intestine, decreasing fat absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drug is a reversible inhibitor of GI lipases for weight loss?

A

Orlistat (Alli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Adds cholesterol to plaques, narrowing arterial blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ and ____ are insoluble in water and are transported to tissues by lipoproteins

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

Carries excess cholesterol/LDL in blood and plaques to liver for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 things used in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Sugars
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Problem w/ carbohydrate digestion that is due to reduction of lactase activity in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In this deficiency, non-digested lactose is not absorbed

A

Lactase deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lactose intolerance causes water to be retained in the ____, which causes ____

A

Retained in lumen

Causes cramps, nausea, diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What further exacerbates lactose intolerance symptoms of gas?

A

Fermentation of lactose to lactic acid and CO2 by intestinal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fibers are large in ____

A

Carbs that the body cannot digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are fiber supplements used for in self-care

A

Constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do bulking fibers (ex. Cellulose, psyllium) absorb

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do fiber supplements aid in constipation?

A

By increasing the amount of water in the stool, making it easier to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What types of GI disorders are associated w/ abdominal or chest pain?

A

Heartburn
Esophageal reflux
GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is anorexia?

A

Lack of appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is odynophagia?

A

Painful swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What symptoms are associated with altered digestion of food?

A

Nausea/vomiting
Dysphagia
Odynophagia
Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Heartburn is associated with what major symptom?

A

Weakened lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Etiology of heartburn

A

Stomach acid exposure to esophageal mucosa

LES normally is contracted at rest (increase pressure) and relaxes (decrease pressure) on swallowing to permit flow of food into stomach

Increased rate of spontaneous relaxations or impaired reflexes of LES enable stomach acid to move into esophagus, causing inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Frequent heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can GERD cause?

A

Chronic inflammation

Less commonly: erosion of esophageal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

NERD

A

Non-erosive GERD form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Any impaired digestion is termed ___

A

Dyspepsia (indigestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is nausea?

A

Pronounced stomach discomfort

A precursor to forceful evacuation of stomach contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the “vomiting center” in the brain within the medulla?

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is another name for vomiting?

A

Emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What receptors activate the vomiting center?

A

Muscarinic (ACh)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)

A

Located adjacent to the vomiting center

Stimulated by chemical toxins in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CTZ activation of the vomiting center is also involved in ____

A

Motion sickness

(Think antiemetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CTZ is also stimulated by the activation of ____

A

Surface 5-HT3 (serotonin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the activation of CTZ by blood toxins stimulate? What does this induce?

A

Stimulates muscarinic receptors on the vomiting center

Induces vomiting reflex

39
Q

What does labyrinth hyperstimulation activate

A

Vestibular nuclei

39
Q

Where is the vestibular center

A

In the inner ear in the labyrinth

40
Q

What is used to treat motion sickness?

A

H1 antagonists

40
Q

Examples of H1 antagonists

A

Meclizine
Diphenhydramine

41
Q

What can also be directly stimulated by sensory stimuli and emotion?

A

Vomiting center

(Certain feelings make me nauseous because of my sensory issues and anxiety puking is common)

42
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

A

Cells lining the stomach that release serotonin in response to cytotoxic agents when damaged

43
Q

Vomiting reflex can be provoked by the ingestion of ___

A

Toxins

44
Q

Symptoms of diarrhea

A

Increased stool frequency and volume

44
Q

Serotonin stimulates 5-HT3 receptors found on the ___

A

Vagus nerve

44
Q

What is acute diarrhea usually due to?

A

An infectious cause (e coli, rotavirus)

45
Q

Constipation

A

Difficult/infrequent passage of stool

46
Q

Constipation may be associated with…

A

Straining or incomplete defecation

47
Q

What happens if the stool remains in the colon?

A

It becomes drier, making it harder to pass through the anal canal

48
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Swollen veins in the lowest part of the rectum/anus where blood vessels stretch to the point where they bulge and become irritated during defecation

49
Q

_____ in the hemorrhoid can cause severe pain

A

Clot formation

50
Q

How are hemorrhoids formed?

A

Straining during bowel movements

51
Q

Common antacids

A

Mylanta/maalox
Tums/rolaids
Pepto-bismol
Alka-seltzer

52
Q

Common H1 blockers (antiemetics)

A

Diphenhydramine
Meclizine

53
Q

Common H2 blockers

A

Famotidine
Cimetidine
Nizatidine

54
Q

Common PPIs

A

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Esomeprazole

55
Q

Common antiflatulent agents

A

Simethicone
Beano
Activated charcoal
Lactase

56
Q

Common antimotility agents

A

Loperamide

57
Q

How do antacids work?

A

Weak bases neutralize gastric HCl to form a salt and water

58
Q

Neutralization also blocks conversion of

A

Pepsinogen to pepsin

59
Q

Sodium bicarbonate (alkaseltzer)

A

Reacts rapidly w/ HCl to produce increased CO2 (cause belching) and NaCl (fluid retention)

60
Q

Calcium carbonate

A

Less soluble and reacts more slowly than sodium bicarb w/ HCl to form increased CO2 and CaCl2

61
Q

Magnesium hydroxide

A

Milk of magnesia and aluminum hydroxide combo product

Reacts w/ HCl to form H2O plus MgCl2 & AlCl3

62
Q

No gas generation =

A

No belching

63
Q

What may unabsorbed Mg2+ salts cause?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

64
Q

What may unabsorbed Al3+ salts cause?

A

Constipation

65
Q

What are H2 antagonists

A

Competitive inhibitors (w/ histamine) at the parietal cell H2 receptor

66
Q

___ released from ECL cells is blocked from binding to _____

A

Histamine

Parietal cell H2 receptor

67
Q

H2 antagonists in order of potency

A

Famotidine
Nizatidine
Cimetidine

(FNC sounds like DNC so that order makes sense)

68
Q

What drug class inhibits the gastric parietal cell proton pump, an H+/K+ ATPase

A

PPIs

69
Q

Prodrugs that are activated in an acidic environment, binding covalently w/ -SH groups on cysteine residues on H+/K+ ATPase

A

PPIs

70
Q

Pump inactivate is _____. What does this mean?

A

Irreversible

Acid secretion resumes only after new pump molecules are synthesized

71
Q

What type of formulations are used for PPIs

A

Delayed release

72
Q

On oral intake, PPI prodrugs must reach the _____

A

Bloodstream

73
Q

____ formulations are used to ensure passage to the intestines

A

Delayed release

74
Q

Nonprescription PPIs

A

Omeprazole
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole

75
Q

What drug class is for the treatment of gas?

A

Antiflatuent

76
Q

Antiflatuent agent MOA

A

Decrease gas formation or aid in its elimination

77
Q

Defoaming agent

A

Merges small gas bubbles into a larger one to be eliminated more easily by belching or passing flatus

78
Q

Activated charcoal

A

Absorbs gas and reduces odor

79
Q

Alpha-galactosidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down complex carbs (fiber) before bacteria ferments it in the colon

80
Q

Lactase replacement

A

Enzyme that breaks down lactose before bacteria ferments it in the colon

81
Q

What is the primary ingredient in Gas-X and Mylanta Gas?

A

Simethicone

82
Q

What is the primary ingredient in Beano?

A

Alpha-galactosidase

83
Q

What is the primary ingredient in Lactaid and Lactase

A

Lactase enzyme

84
Q

Antidiarrheal agents include:

A

Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto)

85
Q

What causes the anti-secretory effects of antidiarrheals?

A

Prostaglandin inhibition and stimulation of Na+/Cl- absorption

86
Q

How to opioid antimotility agents work?

A

Slowing chyme passage, enabling water and electrolyte absorption to firm up stool

87
Q

Characteristics of opioid antimotility agents

A

Binds to Mu opioid receptors in intestines

Inhibits ACh release, causing paralysis of GI motility

Relieves diarrhea through decreased GI motility

88
Q

What antimotility agent for diarrhea is poorly absorbed and excreted in the feces (no euphoria)

A

Loperamide

89
Q

____ are used for the treatment of constipation

A

Laxatives

90
Q

Stimulants

A

Act to increase intestinal peristalsis

Ex. castor oil, senna, bisacodyl

91
Q

Bulking laxatives

A

Absorb water stimulating peristalsis

Ex. Methylcellulose, fibercon, metamucil

92
Q

Hyperosmotic agents

A

Draw water into the intestine via osmosis, increasing intestinal motility

Ex. Miralax

93
Q

Saline laxatives

A

Increase intraluminal pressure & intestinal motility (milk of magnesia)

94
Q

Emollients

A

Anionic surfants that become emulsified w/ stool, thereby softening it

Ex. Docusate

95
Q

Lubricants

A

Mineral oil softens feces by coating stool and prevents stool drying due to intestinal water absorption

96
Q

Motion sickness stimulates the vomiting center via _____

A

Vestibular nucleus

97
Q

What will impair the signaling to the vomiting center?

A

Inhibition of H1 chemoreceptors in the vestibular nucleus

98
Q

____ are used to relieve the nausea and vomiting symptoms of motion sickness due to hyperstimulated labyrinthine function

A

H1 antagonists (antihistamines)

99
Q

8-cholorotheophylline salt of diphenhydramine

A

Dramamine

100
Q

What is added to counteract the sedation effects of diphenhydramine?

A

Chlorotheophylline

101
Q

Antimimetic agents

A

Dramamine
Meclizine

102
Q

What else can motion sickness symptoms associated w/ the stomach be treated with? What does it contain?

A

Phosphorated carbohydrate solution

Contains: glucose, fructose, phosphoric acid

OTC (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions