Exam 4: Immunology

Question 1

where are all WBC generated?

Answer 1

bone marrow

Question 2

what are the diffrent kinds of phagocytes?

Answer 2

1) neutrophils
2) monocytes

Question 3

what is a neutrophil?

Answer 3

important in combating bacterial infection

Question 4

what is a monocyte?

Answer 4

phagocytosis of blood

Question 5

what is a macrophage?

Answer 5

monocytes which diapedis into the tissue and differtiante

Question 6

what are the three diffrent types of lymphocytes?

Answer 6

1) B cells
2) t cells
3) NK cells (natural killers)

Question 7

what is the function of a B cell?

Answer 7

they contact antigens and develop into plasma cells and secrete anitbodies

Question 8

where do B cells mature?

Answer 8

in the bone marrow and are sent out to the other lymphoid tissues

Question 9

what is the function of T cells?

Answer 9

develop into cytotoxic T cells which secrete chemicals to cause lysis of infected cells

Question 10

where do T cells mature?

Answer 10

thymus gland

Question 11

what is the function of NK cells?

Answer 11

destory virus by infected cells

Question 12

what is the first line of defense?

Answer 12

1) the skin, which consists of keratin
2) Mucus membranes

Question 13

what do the glands in the skin secrete?

Answer 13

sebum (oil) which is bacteriocidal

Question 14

what is the function of mucus membranes?

Answer 14

very thick and can trap antigens

Question 15

What is the second line of defense?

nonspecific

Answer 15

1) inflammation
2) interferons
3) complement

Question 16

what causes inflammation?

Answer 16

caused by tissue injury or microbial invasion

Question 17

what are the steps of inflammation?

Answer 17

1) macrophages engulf
2) dialation and increased permeability
3) containment of foriegn matter

Question 18

why do macrophages release cytokines?

Answer 18

to allow other leukocytes to migrate to the injured area

Question 19

what chemical compound allows for increased permeability?

Answer 19

histamines

Question 20

what cells release heparin?

Answer 20

mast cells

Question 21

what is heparin?

Answer 21

an anticoagulant to stimulate BF to the area

Question 22

what are interferons?

signal

Answer 22

chemicals released from viral infected, T, and NK cells

Question 23

what is a complement?

Answer 23

a group of inactive proteins made by the liver

Question 24

how can complements become active?

Answer 24

binding directly to the bacterium or to an antibody bound to bacterium

Question 25

what is the third line of defense?

specific

Answer 25

1) Humoral immunity
2) cell mediated

Question 26

what is humoral immunity generated by?

Answer 26

B cells

Question 27

what is the process of humoral immunity?

Answer 27

antigens enter the body and bind to helper T cells and helper T cells release interleukin 2 which causes proliferation of B cells

Question 28

what happens when B cells proliferate?

Answer 28

1) plasma cells which secrete anitbodies
2) memory B cells

Question 29

what cannot be produced w/o interleukin 2?

Answer 29

memory cells

Question 30

what are the functions of antibodies?

N, A, Op, CA, NKCA

Answer 30

1) neutralization
2) agglutination
3) opsonization
4) complement activation
5) enhanced NK cell activity

Question 31

what is neutraliztion?

Answer 31

antibodes coat antigens so it can’t contact cells ( all 5 classes)

Question 32

what is opsonization?

Answer 32

roughens the surface of an antigen and makes it easier to phagocytose (IgG ONLY)

Question 33

what is complement activation?

Answer 33

antibodies are bound to pathogens and stimulate the complement cascade resulting in lysis of the cells (igG and IgM)