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Physiology > Exam 3: cardiac output > Flashcards

Exam 3: cardiac output Flashcards

1
Q

How many phases of cardiac cycle are there?

A

4 phases

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2
Q

what happens during the first phase of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular filling

A
  • Blood flows to atria through AV vales and into ventricles
  • semilunar valves are closed
  • atrial contraction drives more blood inot the ventricles
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3
Q

what happens during the second phase of the cardiac cycle?

isovolumetric contraction

A
  • pressure in the ventricle exceeds in the atria
  • AV valves are closed
  • pressure isnt great enough to open semilunar valves, no blood flow in or out of ventricles
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4
Q

What generates sound generates the first heart beat?

A

The AV vales closing

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5
Q

what happens during the third phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular ejection

A
  • ventricular pressure rises and blood is pushed though SLV
  • ventricular pressure drops, SLV shut
  • ends systole
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6
Q

What generates sound generates the second heart beat?

A

Semilunar valves closing

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7
Q

what happens during the fourth phase of the cardiac cycle?

isovolumertric relaxation

A
  • pressure is still to high to allow AV valves to open also too low to push SLV open
  • all valves closed and no blood is moving through the ventricles as they relax
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8
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

the pressure of the aorta is at its min

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9
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

as the ventricular pressure rises, the semilunar valves open, aortic pressure rises to its max

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10
Q

what causes the semilunar valves to close?

A

when ventricular pressure is down, aortic pressure drops but remains higher. The diffrence causes the closure

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11
Q

what does MAP stand for?

A

mean atrial pressure

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12
Q

what is the equation for MAP?

A

(SP+ [2xDP]/2)

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13
Q

what happens during the first phase of ventricular volume?

ventricular diastole

A

ventricular volume is increasing and reaches its max (EDV)

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14
Q

what happens during the second phase of ventricular volume?

ventricular systole

A

ventricular volume is decreasing and eventually reaches min (ESV)

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15
Q

what is stroke volune?

A

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle during on heart beat

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16
Q

what is the eqaution from SV

A

stroke volume= EDV-ESV

17
Q

how many mL of blood does the heart hold when its relaxed?

A

130mL

18
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

19
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

CO= SV x HR

20
Q

what system is the heart controlled by?

A

ANS

21
Q

what do neurons in the sympathetic NS release and what do they bind to?

A
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine which bind to adrenergic recpetors on the pacemaker cells
22
Q

what do neurons in the parasympathetic NS release and what do they bind to?

A
  • neurons release Acetylcholine which bind to muscurinc cholinergic receptors
23
Q

what response does to the release of epinephrine cause?

A
  • relaseaed when under stress and increases HR
24
Q

what response does to the release of thyroid hormone, glucagon, and insulin cause?

A
  • increase force of contraction
25
Q

what does Starling’s Law state?

A
  • rate at which blood flows into the heart changes, heart automatically adjusts its output to match inflow
26
Q

what influence the force of contration in the heart?

A

degree of stretch in heart muscles (myocardium)

27
Q

when does the first phase of cardiac cycle occur?

A

occurs during mid to late diastole (ventricular relaxtion).

28
Q

when does the second phase of cardiac cycle occur?

A
  • occurs at the beginning of systole
29
Q

in the SNS if hr is up so is____?

A

CO

30
Q

in the SNS what channels are open/ closed?

A
  • funny and T type channels Ca+ channels are open and the frequency of AP generation increased (depolarization)
31
Q

in the PSNS what channels are open/closed?

A
  • T type and Na+ channels close and K+ channels open thus the cell hyperpolarizes and AP goes down (hyperpolarization)
32
Q

in the PSNS if HR is down so is____?

A

CO

33
Q

what are stretch receptors?

A

they detect increase in volume and repspond by increasing SV

34
Q

as EDV inscreases_____

A

it causes SV to increase as well

Physiology (13 decks)

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