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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are the 5 diffrent monosaccharides?

A

1.) gluclose
2.fructose
3.galactose
4.deoxyribose
5.ribose

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2
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are monosaccharides?

A

simple suagrs

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3
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are disaccharides?

A

carbs formed by binding 2 monosaccharides

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4
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are the 3 common types of disaccharides?

s, l, m

A

1.) sucrose
2.lactose
3.maltose

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5
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are polysaccharides?

A

carbs formed by the binding of numerous monosaccharides

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6
Q

complex carbohydrates

what are the two types of polysaccharides?

g, s

A

1.) glycogen
2.starch

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7
Q

complex lipids

what is a lipid?

A

contains primarily carbon and hydrogens linked with non polar bonds

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8
Q

lipids

what are the characteristics of a lipid?

hydrophobicity

A
  • hydrophobic
  • will not dissolve in water like carbs
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9
Q

lipids

what are the 4 types of lipids?

A
  • triglyceride
  • phospholipid
  • eicosnoids
  • steroids
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10
Q

lipids

what is a triglyceride?

A

contains glycerol and forms a ester bond, 3 fatty acids with hydrogen attached. they are nonpolar molecules and dont disslove in water

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11
Q

lipids

what is a phospholipid?

A

contains a glycerol and 2 fatty acids and a phosphate groups

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12
Q

lipids

what is a eicosanoids?

tails?

A

modified 20- carbon fatty acids. they contain a 5c ring in the middle which causes the molecules to fold. it has tails?

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13
Q

lipids

what is a steriod?

A

contains a three 6 carbon rings and one 5 carbon ring. most common is cholesterol.

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14
Q

proteins

what are protiens?

A

are chains of amino acids, held together by peptide bonds to form long polypeptides.

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15
Q

protein

what do amino acids contain?

A
  • amino group
  • carboxyl group
  • carbon hydrogen bond
  • R ( residual group)
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16
Q

protein

what is the diffrence between peptides and protiens?

A

peptides consits of 2-50 amino acids whole protiens contain 50+ amino avidd

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17
Q

protein

what are the 4 levels of protien structure?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quartentary
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18
Q

protein

what is a primary protien structure?

A

linear array of amino acids= fibrous proteins

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19
Q

protein

what is a secondary protien structure?

A

folding of the primary structure due to the attraction (hydrogen bond) of a hydrogen atom in one amino acid and the oxygen in another amino acid

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20
Q

protein

what is a tertiary protien structure?

A

folding due to attraction between R groups ( globular protien)

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21
Q

protein

what is a quartentary protien?

A

more than one polypeptides chain

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22
Q

DNA

what are purines?

A

two ring structure; AG

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23
Q

DNA

what is pyrimidines?

A

single ring structures; uracil, thymine, and cytosine

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24
Q

cell structure

what are the characteristics of the nucleus?

A
  • surrounded by a 2 layered nuclear envelope, it has pores which allow for permiability
  • DNA exists as a component of thin threads called chromatin
  • nucelolus is site of RNA synthesis inside the nucleus
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25
# cell structure desribe the endoplasmic recticulum (RER) and what's is function? | artist
- flattened sacs connected to the nuclear envelope, and has ribsomes on the surface. - Involved in modification of proteins made by the ribosomes
26
# cell structure desribe the Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and its function | synthesizes
- tubules without ribsomes - synthesizes lipids, stores calcium ions, detoxifiy substances
27
# cell structure describe the golgi appartus and its function | mailman
- flattened sacs called cisternae - protiens from the RER are sent here, modify and package for its next destination
28
# cell structure desribe the mitochondria and its function | powerhouse
- bounded by a double membrane, inner membrane (cisternae) contains electron transport chain - responsible for the production of ATP
29
# cell structure desribe lysomes and its function | trashman
- single membrane - contains enzymes that degrade intercellular debris (old oraganelles) and damaged cells
30
# cell structure peroxisomes | trash boy
- single membrane - degrade amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic materials
31
# cell structure desribe a ribsome and its function
- composed of RNA and proteins - produces protiens
32
# cell structure what are free ribsomes?
generates proteins which remain in the cytoplasm or enter a mitochondria
33
# cell structure what is a vault?
- barrel shaped structures with two identical subunits - appear to help with the transport of mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
34
# cell structure what are centrioles?
composed of micro tubules which formed the spindle fibers of the myotic spindle which push and pull chromsomes during cell division
35
# cell structure what is a cytoskeleton?
A flexible lattice of fibrous proteins
36
# Metabolic reactions what is the definition of metabolism?
The sum of all reactions in the body
37
# Metabolic reactions what is catabolism?
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones to provide energy
38
# Metabolic reactions what is anabolism? | production of glycogen from glucose
production of larger molecules from smaller ones
39
# Metabolic reactions what is hydrolysis?
Breaking apart of molecules due to adding H2O
40
# Metabolic reactions what is condensation?
The formation of a molecule by removing water
41
# phosphorylation what is phosphorylation?
removal of a phosphate group
42
# phosphorylation what is dephosphorylation?
The removal of a phosphate group
43
# phosphorylation what is oxidation?
- removal of electrons or hydrogen - reaction of molecules with oxygen
44
# phosphorylation what is a reduction reaction?
- adding of electrons or hydrogen - losing oxygen
45
# overall reaction what is covalent regulation?
requires formation of covalent bond with a chemical group, omission and breaking of a covalent bond requires enzymes
46
# overall reaction what is substrate specificity?
A substrate is the molecule the enzyme works only enzymes only recognize its substrate
47
# overall reaction what is a cofactor? | Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe
an ion or molecule required by an enzyme for it to be active
48
# overall reaction what is a coenzyme? | flavin adenine dinucleotide
vitamin derived molecules assisting enzymes by caring chemical groups from one reaction to another
49
# overall reaction what is CoA?
picks up acetyl-groups
50
# overall reaction what is allosteric regulation?
A modulator molecule binds to the regulating site which change the shape of the enzyme this can increase or decrease activity
51
# overall reaction what is a covalent regulation?
changing state requires formation of a covalent bond with a Chemical group. formation and breaking down of covalent bonds requires enzymes.
52
# Krebs cycle what are the stages of glucose oxidation? | g, kc, op
1) glycolysis 2) krebs cycle 3) oxidative phosphorylation
53
# Krebs cycle where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytosol
54
# Krebs cycle where does the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
55
# Krebs cycle where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
in the inner mitochondrial membrane or cristae
56
# Krebs cycle what is glycolysis?
process that breaks down glucose molecules and is broken down 10 steps and two pyruvate molecules
57
# neurophysiology what is the difference between leak channels, ligand gated channels, and voltage gated channels?
- Leak channels are always open and allow for continual ion movement - ligand gated channels enclosed in response to the binding of the chemical to receptor in the membrane - voltage gated channels and close in response to change in the membrane potential.
58
# neurophysiology what is graded potential?
small changes in the membrane potential which occur by opening of ligand gated channels
59
# Krebs cycle what does glycolysis produce?
- 2 NADH+ - ATP - 2 pyruvate
60
# Krebs cycle what does to pyruvate produce?
2 Acetyl CoA
61
# Krebs cycle why is acetyl CoA important?
if feuls the Krebs cycle
62
# Krebs cycle what cycle produces 1 Aceytl CoA?
- 3 NADH+ H+ - 1 FADH2 - ATP
63
# Krebs cycle where is pyruvate produced?
in the cytosol the move into the mitochondria
64
# Krebs cycle how much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation produce?
34 ATP
65
# Krebs cycle what is the electron transport chain?
series of compounds which reside in the inner mitochondrial membrane as they reduce coenzymes from the above process
66
# neurophysiology what is an absolute refractory period? | phases 1-2
when Na plus gates are closed and can't be opened again for depolarization
67
# neurophysiology what is resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
68
# neurophysiology what is threshold?
-55 mV
69
# neurophysiology what is depolarization? | phase 1
when member potential rises to -55 mV. Na+ VGC open Na+ listen to the cell in large amounts and memory potential goes up to 30 mV
70
# neurophysiology what is the voltage difference between resting membrane potential and action potential?
100 mV
71
what is repolarization? | phase 2
membrane potential reaches 30 mV Na+ channels close and potassium voltage gated channels open in potassium flows out of the cell and the membrane potential drops
72
# neurophysiology what is hyperpolarization? | phase 3
even after membrane potential returns back to -70 mV The potassium channels stay open for 10 ms which allows the member potential to reach -94 mV
73
# neurophysiology what is the relative refractory period? | phases 2-3
what K+ channels close but stay open for an extra 10 ms causing hyper polarization
74
# neurophysiology where is action potential first generated?
The axon hillock
75
# neurophysiology what chemical is needed for synaptic vesicles to move in fused with the axon?
Ca+
76
# neurophysiology excitatory postsynaptic potential | EPSP
neurotransmitters bind and opens a Na+ channel | Na+
77
what is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential? | IPSP
when a neurotransmitter binds and opens a potassium or Cl- a ligand gated channel. | K+ and Cl-
78
what is temporal summation?
two or more postsynaptic potentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse
79
what is spital summation?
summation based on location

Physiology (13 decks)

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