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Physiology > Exam 3: blood clotting > Flashcards

Exam 3: blood clotting Flashcards

1
Q

how can blood comp be determined?

A

hematocrit levels

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2
Q

what is the percent plasma in the blood?

A

55%

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3
Q

what is the percent of RBC (erthyrocytes)?

A

45%

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4
Q

what is the percent of WBC (Leukocytes)?

A

<1%

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5
Q

where are the majority of WBC found?

A

in the tissue

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6
Q

what is the percent platelets in the blood (thrombocytes)?

A

<1%

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7
Q

what are the characteristics of RBC’s (erthrocytes)?

A
  • biconcave
  • lacks nucleus, mitochondira, ribosomes
  • very flexable
  • large surface area
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8
Q

what is the function of RBC’s?

A

they transport oxygen and CO2

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9
Q

How many RBC’s does every drop of blood have?

A

5 million

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10
Q

how long do RBC last?

A

about 120 days

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11
Q

what makes up hemoglobin?

A

4 globin and 4 heme groups which give RBC its red color and thus bloods color

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12
Q

what is globin?

A

a polypeptide chain which CO2 binds to amino acids within the polypeptides

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13
Q

what is a heme group?

A

an iron contaning ring group, where O2 molecules bind

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14
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase (CA)?

A

an enzyme critcal to the transport of gases and maintains pH in the blood

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15
Q

what is the avg. pH of blood?

A

7.4

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16
Q

how are RBC produced?

A

erythropoiesis

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17
Q

where does erythropoiesis happen?

A

in the bone marrow, 200 billion RBC are produced per day

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18
Q

what chemicals are needed for the production of RBC’s?

EP, I, FA, B12

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • iron
  • folic acid
  • viatmin B12
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19
Q

what is Erythropoietin?

A

hormone released from the kidneys then transferred to the bone marrow

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20
Q

what does Erythropoietin respond to?

A

low oxygen levels

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21
Q

what does Iron do?

A

forms Hbg

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22
Q

what does Folic acid and Vitamin B12 do?

A

REQUIRED for DNA synthesis and cell divsion

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23
Q

what are the diffrent anemias?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • pernicious
  • hemorrhagic
  • hemolytic
  • sickle cell
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24
Q

what does Iron deficiency anemia lead?

A

leads to decreased Hbg production and small RBC

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25
Q

what does pernicious anemia lead to?

lack of what vitamin?

A

lack of Vitamin B12; leads to big RBC’s and lower #’s

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26
Q

what does hemorrhagic anemia lead to?

A

lose of blood

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27
Q

what causes hemolytic anemia?

A

due to destruction of RBC’s

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28
Q

what causes sickle cell anemia?

A

due to misshaped Hbg caused by a single base chnage in a nuecleotide (incorrect amino acid)

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29
Q

where are RBC’s destroyed?

A

spleen and liver

30
Q

how is Hbg broken down?

A
  • bilirubin
  • iron
31
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

a heme group minus the iron, taken out of the liver and is put into the instine to help w/ digestion of fats.

32
Q

how is iron recycled?

A

transported bound to transferrin to the bone marrow or liver where it is stored bound to ferritin

33
Q

what are the two groups of leukocytes (WBC’S)?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
34
Q

what are the three diffrent granuolcytes?

A
  • Eosinophils
  • basophils
  • neutrophils
35
Q

what are Eosinophils?

A

Contain toxic chemicals that can be discharged to destroy parasites ,have red staining granules

36
Q

what are basophils?

A

Contain histamine (makes capillaries more permeable) and heparin (an anticogulant) which prevent clotting, hav blush staining granules

37
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

these cells are phagocytes and are active in fighting acute infections (<72 hours), pick up on both red and blue staining granules
- makes up 50-80% of leukocytes

38
Q

what are neutrophils known as?

A
  • 1st responders
  • attacks anything foriegn
39
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

they lack a definity staining granules in their cytoplasm

40
Q

what are the 2 diffrent types of agranulocytes?

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
41
Q

what is a monocyte?

A

largest WBC that phagocytes bacteria during chronic infections (>72 hours), always present in the blood stream

42
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

smallest WBC’s

43
Q

what are the two diffrent types of lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
44
Q

what are T cells?

what line of defense?

A

They are the second line of defense and release toxic chemicals to destroy foreign entites (20-40%)

45
Q

what are B cells ?

A

when activated the diffrentiate into plasma cells and make antibodies, and can last up to a lifetime

46
Q

what are platlets( thrombocytes)?

A

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and are invloved in blood stoppage (hemostasis)

47
Q

How many stages does hemostasis have?

A

3

48
Q

what are the 3 diffrent stages of hemostasis?

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug
3) formation of blot clots

49
Q

what is vascular spasm?

A

vessels vasoconstict ( increasing resistance and decreasing blood flow) and w/ sympathetic stimulation there is more vasoconstriction

50
Q

what is a platlet plug?

A

a plug used for blood stoppage, good for small tears

51
Q

what is the first step in platlet plug formation?

A

blood vessels is torn and collagen walls are exposed

52
Q

what is the second step in platlet plug formation?

A

Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is released by the endothelial cells and attaches to collagen

53
Q

what is the third step in platlet plug formation?

A

platelets attach to vWf

54
Q

what is the four step in platlet plug formation?

A

once attached they release 4 diffrent chemicals

55
Q

what are the 5 chemicals relased in step four of platelet plug formation?

A
  • serotonin + epienephrine
  • ADP + thrombaxane A2
  • PF3 ( platelet factor 3)
56
Q

what is serotonin and epinephrine used for?

A

increase vasoconstriction

57
Q

what is ADP and thromboxane A2 used for?

A

increase platelet aggeration (draw in more RBC so they pack tightly together)

58
Q

what is PF3 used for?

A

needed for blood clots to form

59
Q

why are platlet plugs able to be stablized?

A

because platelets can contract like muscle cells

60
Q

why are platlet plugs able to be stablized?

A

because platelets can contract like muscle cells

61
Q

how many clotting factors are there?

A

13

62
Q

where are most blood clotting factors made?

A

the liver

63
Q

what is intrinsic blood clot formation?

A

formation of a blood clot in the blood vessel

64
Q

what is extrinsic blood clot formation?

A

formation of a blood clot in the tissues

65
Q

what is the Intrisic pathway?

FXII, XI, IX + VIII + Ca+ PF3, X, II, F

A

factor XII (12) is activated due to contact w/ collagen in the blood vessel wall> XI (11) is activated> IX (9) is activated along w/ VIII (8)+ Ca+ PF3> X (10) is activated> Thrombin II (2) is activated> fibrin

66
Q

what is the extrisic pathway?

TF3, Ca+, VII, VIII+ Ca+PF3> X > II> F> XII

A

Tissue factor 3, Ca+> VII (7)> VIII (8), Ca+ PF3> X (10) is activated> thrombin II (2) is activbated> fibrin is formed> stablized by XII (12)

67
Q

how is clot removed?

A

endothelial cells release tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

68
Q

what is the function of TPA?

A

converts plasminogen to plasmin an enzyme which dissloves fibrin blood clot

69
Q

What is hemophilia A?

A

lack of XIII (8)

70
Q

What is hemophilia B?

A

lack of IX (9)

71
Q

What is hemophilia c?

A

lack of XI (11)

72
Q

what is always required for the formation of a blot clot?

A

Ca+

Physiology (13 decks)

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