Exam 3: blood clotting Flashcards by All Kpop

how can blood comp be determined?

hematocrit levels

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what is the percent plasma in the blood?

55%

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what is the percent of RBC (erthyrocytes)?

45%

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what is the percent of WBC (Leukocytes)?

<1%

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where are the majority of WBC found?

in the tissue

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what is the percent platelets in the blood (thrombocytes)?

<1%

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what are the characteristics of RBC’s (erthrocytes)?

biconcave
lacks nucleus, mitochondira, ribosomes
very flexable
large surface area

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what is the function of RBC’s?

they transport oxygen and CO2

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How many RBC’s does every drop of blood have?

5 million

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how long do RBC last?

about 120 days

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what makes up hemoglobin?

4 globin and 4 heme groups which give RBC its red color and thus bloods color

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what is globin?

a polypeptide chain which CO2 binds to amino acids within the polypeptides

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what is a heme group?

an iron contaning ring group, where O2 molecules bind

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what is carbonic anhydrase (CA)?

an enzyme critcal to the transport of gases and maintains pH in the blood

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what is the avg. pH of blood?

7.4

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how are RBC produced?

erythropoiesis

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where does erythropoiesis happen?

in the bone marrow, 200 billion RBC are produced per day

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what chemicals are needed for the production of RBC’s?

EP, I, FA, B12

Erythropoietin
iron
folic acid
viatmin B12

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what is Erythropoietin?

hormone released from the kidneys then transferred to the bone marrow

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what does Erythropoietin respond to?

low oxygen levels

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what does Iron do?

forms Hbg

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what does Folic acid and Vitamin B12 do?

REQUIRED for DNA synthesis and cell divsion

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what are the diffrent anemias?

Iron deficiency
pernicious
hemorrhagic
hemolytic
sickle cell

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what does Iron deficiency anemia lead?

leads to decreased Hbg production and small RBC

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what does pernicious anemia lead to? | lack of what vitamin?

lack of Vitamin B12; leads to big RBC's and lower #'s

what does hemorrhagic anemia lead to?

lose of blood

what causes hemolytic anemia?

due to destruction of RBC's

what causes sickle cell anemia?

due to misshaped Hbg caused by a single base chnage in a nuecleotide (incorrect amino acid)

where are RBC's destroyed?

spleen and liver

how is Hbg broken down?

- bilirubin - iron

what is bilirubin?

a heme group minus the iron, taken out of the liver and is put into the instine to help w/ digestion of fats.

how is iron recycled?

transported bound to transferrin to the bone marrow or liver where it is stored bound to ferritin

what are the two groups of leukocytes (WBC'S)?

- Granulocytes - Agranulocytes

what are the three diffrent granuolcytes?

- Eosinophils - basophils - neutrophils

what are Eosinophils?

Contain toxic chemicals that can be discharged to destroy parasites ,have red staining granules

what are basophils?

Contain histamine (makes capillaries more permeable) and heparin (an anticogulant) which prevent clotting, hav blush staining granules

what are neutrophils?

these cells are phagocytes and are active in fighting acute infections (<72 hours), pick up on both red and blue staining granules - makes up 50-80% of leukocytes

what are neutrophils known as?

- 1st responders - attacks anything foriegn

what are agranulocytes?

they lack a definity staining granules in their cytoplasm

what are the 2 diffrent types of agranulocytes?

- monocytes - lymphocytes

what is a monocyte?

largest WBC that phagocytes bacteria during chronic infections (>72 hours), always present in the blood stream

what is a lymphocyte?

smallest WBC's

what are the two diffrent types of lymphocytes?

- T cells - B cells

what are T cells? | what line of defense?

They are the second line of defense and release toxic chemicals to destroy foreign entites (20-40%)

what are B cells ?

when activated the diffrentiate into plasma cells and make antibodies, and can last up to a lifetime

what are platlets( thrombocytes)?

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and are invloved in blood stoppage (hemostasis)

How many stages does hemostasis have?

what are the 3 diffrent stages of hemostasis?

1) vascular spasm 2) platelet plug 3) formation of blot clots

what is vascular spasm?

vessels vasoconstict ( increasing resistance and decreasing blood flow) and w/ sympathetic stimulation there is more vasoconstriction

what is a platlet plug?

a plug used for blood stoppage, good for small tears

what is the first step in platlet plug formation?

blood vessels is torn and collagen walls are exposed

what is the second step in platlet plug formation?

Von Willebrand factor (vWf) is released by the endothelial cells and attaches to collagen

what is the third step in platlet plug formation?

platelets attach to vWf

what is the four step in platlet plug formation?

once attached they release 4 diffrent chemicals

what are the 5 chemicals relased in step four of platelet plug formation?

- serotonin + epienephrine - ADP + thrombaxane A2 - PF3 ( platelet factor 3)

what is serotonin and epinephrine used for?

increase vasoconstriction

what is ADP and thromboxane A2 used for?

increase platelet aggeration (draw in more RBC so they pack tightly together)

what is PF3 used for?

needed for blood clots to form

why are platlet plugs able to be stablized?

because platelets can contract like muscle cells

why are platlet plugs able to be stablized?

because platelets can contract like muscle cells

how many clotting factors are there?

where are most blood clotting factors made?

the liver

what is intrinsic blood clot formation?

formation of a blood clot in the blood vessel

what is extrinsic blood clot formation?

formation of a blood clot in the tissues

what is the Intrisic pathway? | FXII, XI, IX + VIII + Ca+ PF3, X, II, F

factor XII (12) is activated due to contact w/ collagen in the blood vessel wall> XI (11) is activated> IX (9) is activated along w/ VIII (8)+ Ca+ PF3> X (10) is activated> Thrombin II (2) is activated> fibrin

what is the extrisic pathway? | TF3, Ca+, VII, VIII+ Ca+PF3> X > II> F> XII

Tissue factor 3, Ca+> VII (7)> VIII (8), Ca+ PF3> X (10) is activated> thrombin II (2) is activbated> fibrin is formed> stablized by XII (12)

how is clot removed?

endothelial cells release tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

what is the function of TPA?

converts plasminogen to plasmin an enzyme which dissloves fibrin blood clot

What is hemophilia A?

lack of XIII (8)

What is hemophilia B?

lack of IX (9)

What is hemophilia c?

lack of XI (11)

what is always required for the formation of a blot clot?

Ca+