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psychobio > exam 4 chapter 12 > Flashcards

exam 4 chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

positive reinforcement

A

stimulus is presented + increases likelihood of behavior

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2
Q

negative reinforcement

A

stimulus is removed + increases likelihood of behavior

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3
Q

positive punishment

A

stimulus is presented + decreases likelihood of behavior

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4
Q

negative punishment

A

stimulus is removed + decreases likelihood of behavior

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5
Q

equipotentiality

A

all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behaviors

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6
Q

mass action

A

the cortex works better as a whole, and more cortex is better

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7
Q

lateral interpositus nucleus

A

central for learning, responses increase as learning proceeds

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8
Q

classical conditioning engram is located in the ___, not the ___

A

cerebellum, cortex

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9
Q

cerebellum is critical for ___ conditioning

A

classical

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10
Q

iconic memory

A

brief storage of visual information

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11
Q

echoic memory

A

a brief storage of auditory information

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12
Q

iconic memory capacity

A

less than half a second

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13
Q

echoic memory capacity

A

3-4 seconds

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14
Q

short-term memory capacity

A

limited, fades quickly without rehearsal

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15
Q

long-term memory capacity

A

no limit, can be stimulated with cues

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16
Q

three key aspects of short term memory

A

limited capacity, limited duration, encoding

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17
Q

limited capactiy of short term memory

A

7 items can be stored at one time

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18
Q

limited duration

A

storage is very fragile and information can be lost with distraction or passage of time

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19
Q

encoding

A

how the information is processed, stored, and retrieved
(visual, acoustic, semantic, and elaborative)

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20
Q

digit span

A

maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order

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21
Q

chunking

A

grouping a series of random items into a smaller number of meaningful segments to enhance recall, often related to language patterns

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22
Q

locus coeruleus

A

increases release of norepinephrine

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23
Q

working memory

A

emphasis on temporary storage of information to actively attend to it and work on it for a period of time

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24
Q

three major components of working memory

A

phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive

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25
Q

phonological loop

A

stores auditory input

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26
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

stores visual input

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27
Q

central executive

A

directs attention and determines which items to store

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28
Q

delayed response task

A

requires responding to something you heard or saw a while ago to test working memory

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29
Q

crucial to storage of working memory information

A

prefrontal cortex

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30
Q

changes in the ___ are assumed to be the cause of memory impairment in older people

A

prefrontal cortex

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31
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss

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32
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

brain damage caused by prolonged vitamin b deficiency

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33
Q

thiamine

A

vitamin b

34
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome likely cause

A

chronic alcoholism

35
Q

confabulation

A

taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory

36
Q

priming

A

one type of implicit memory, the phenomenon that seeing or hearing words temporarily increases one’s probability of using them

37
Q

alzheimer’s

A

associated with gradually progressive loss of memory, often occurring in old age

38
Q

alzheimer’s is associated with an accumulation and clumping of the following brain proteins

A

amyloid beta protein and abnormal form of tau protein

39
Q

amyloid beta protein…

A

creates plaques from damaged axons and dendrites

40
Q

abnormal form of tau protein…

A

creates tangles

41
Q

plaques

A

structures formed from degenerating neurons which accumulate between neurons

42
Q

tangles

A

structures formed from degenerating structures within a neuronal body

43
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the loss of ability to create new memories after brain damage occurs

44
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory events prior to occurrence of brain damage

45
Q

explicit memory

A

deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory
(declarative memory)

46
Q

episodic memory

A

ability to revall events and experiences

47
Q

semantic memory

A

memories of factual information

48
Q

implicit memory

A

influence of experience on behavior even if one does not recognize that influence

49
Q

procedural memory

A

ability to develop motor skills

50
Q

delayed matching-to-sample tasks

A

subject sees an object and must later choose the object that matches

51
Q

delayed non-matching-to-sample tasks

A

subject sees an object and must later choose an object that is different than the sampel

52
Q

radial mazes

A

subject must navigate a maze that has eight or more arms with a reinforcer at the end

53
Q

morris water maze tasks

A

rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface

54
Q

place cells

A

hippocampal neurons tuned to particular spatial locations, responding best when an animal is in a particular place and looking in a particular direction

55
Q

time cells

A

some place cells also function as time cells that respond at a particular point in a sequence of time

56
Q

episodic memory

A

develops after a single experience

57
Q

what is episodic memory dependent on (brain component)?

A

hippocampus

58
Q

learning habits or learning what will happen under a set of circumstances is dependent on?

A

part of basal ganglia

59
Q

striatum

A

caudate nucleus + putamen

60
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain important for initiation of behaviors not guided by a stimulus

61
Q

structures of basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen) and globus pallidus

62
Q

amygdala contribution to memory

A

associated with fear learning

63
Q

parietal lobe contribution to memory

A

piecing information together

64
Q

anterior temporal cortex contribution to memory

A

damage results in loss of semantic memory

65
Q

prefrontal cortex contribution to memory

A

learned behavior and decision making

66
Q

hebbian synapse

A

occurs when the successful stimulation of a cell by an axon leads to the enhanced ability to stimulate that cell in the future

67
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli

68
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response to a mild stimulus as a result to previous exposure to a more intense stimulus

69
Q

long-term potentiation

A

occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation

70
Q

properties of long-term potentiation

A

specificity, cooperativity, associativity

71
Q

specificity

A

only synapses that are highly active become strengthened

72
Q

cooperativity

A

simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon

73
Q

associativity

A

pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to a weak input

74
Q

long-term depression

A

opposite of LTP, prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others

75
Q

compensatory process

A

as one synapse strengthens, another weakens

76
Q

biochemical mechanisms of LTP are known to depend on changes in ___ synapses primarily in the postsynaptic neuron

A

glutamate

77
Q

two types of glutamate receptors

A

AMPA and NMDA

78
Q

AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors

A

excited by glutamate, also respond to agonist drugs

79
Q

repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors ___ the membrane

A

depolarizes

80
Q

extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of a ___ that travels back to the presynaptic cell

A

retrograde transmitter

81
Q

___ may enhance learning by increasing arousal

A

caffeine, ritalin, modafinil

psychobio (13 decks)

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