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psychobio > exam 3 chapter 8 > Flashcards

exam 3 chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

endogenous circannual rhythms

A

internal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle

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2
Q

endogenous circadian rhythms

A

internal mechanisms that operate on approximately a 24 hour cycle

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3
Q

zeitgeber

A

time giver
term used to describe any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythms

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4
Q

jet lag

A

disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

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5
Q

phase delays

A

traveling west
moving backwards in our rhythms

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6
Q

phase advances

A

traveling east
moving forward in our rhythms

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7
Q

elevated cortisol due to jet lag and stress

A

leads to damage to nuerons in hippocampus

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8
Q

early bird characteristics

A

proactive, optimistic, less prone to depression

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9
Q

night owl characteristics

A

creative, better cognitive abilities

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10
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

hypothalamus
main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature

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11
Q

damage to SCN

A

less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark

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12
Q

SCN characteristics

A

genetically controlled, unlearned, independently generates the circadian rhythms

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13
Q

retinohypothalamic path

A

small branch of optic nerve where light resets

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14
Q

melanopsin

A

photopigment in special population of ganglion cells

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15
Q

two types of genes responsible for generating the circadian rhythm

A

period (PER) and timeless (TIM)

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16
Q

function of PER and TIM

A

increase the activity of certain kinds of nuerons in the SCN that regulate sleep and waking

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17
Q

pineal gland

A

endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus regulated by the SCN

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18
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by the pineal gland
hormone that increases sleepiness

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19
Q

hormonal sleep pathway

A

SCN, pineal gland, melatonin

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20
Q

when does melatonin secretion begin

A

2-3 hours before bedtime

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21
Q

functions of sleep

A

-conservation of energy
-repair and restoration
-learning and memory consolidation

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22
Q

sleep

A

state that the brain actively produces characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli

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23
Q

coma

A

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady

24
Q

vegetative state

A

person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surroundings

25
Q

minimally conscious state

A

one stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

26
Q

brain death

A

no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

27
Q

polysomnograph

A

combination of EEG and eye-movement records

28
Q

beta waves

A

> 14 Hz
fastest
activated cortex

29
Q

alpha waves

A

8-12 Hz
waking states

30
Q

theta waves

A

4-7 Hz
sleep states

31
Q

delta waves

A

<4 Hz
slowest
deep sleep, large amplitude

32
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

non-REM, theta

33
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

non-REM, spindle and K-complex

34
Q

stage 3 and 4

A

non-REM, delta

35
Q

REM

A

beta

35
Q

how often does sleep cycle repeat

A

every 90 minutes

36
Q

how do we remain unconscious in spite of sustained neuronal activity?

A

inhibition

37
Q

inhibition

A

interfering with the spread of information from one nueron to another

38
Q

activity increased in pons triggers

A

onset of REM sleep

39
Q

activity increases in the limbic system triggers

A

important onset for emotional responses

40
Q

pathway of waves of nueral activity detections

A

pons, lateral genuculate, occipital cortex

41
Q

norepinephrine

A

released to arouse various areas of the cortex and increase wakefulness

42
Q

histamine

A

produce widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain

43
Q

antihistimines produce…

A

sleepiness

44
Q

orexin

A

needed to stay awake not to wake up
released by cells into the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal

45
Q

basal forebrain

A

area anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus containing cells that extend throughout the thalamus and cerebral cortex

46
Q

cells of basal forebrain release…

A

GABA
essential for sleep

47
Q

functions of GABA

A

decreases temperature, metabolic rate, stimulation of nuerons

48
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty in falling or staying asleep

49
Q

sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

50
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

51
Q

somnambulism

A

person arises and walks around during sleep

52
Q

sleep paralysis

A

experience of waking up unable to move

53
Q

night terrors

A

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal

54
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming

A

cortex synthesizes a story from the pattern of activation

55
Q

clinico-anatomical hypothesis of dreaming

A

stimulation is combined with recent memories and any information the brain is receiving from the senses

psychobio (13 decks)

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