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psychobio > exam 2 chapter 5 > Flashcards

exam 2 chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

receptors (vision)

A

sensitive to light

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2
Q

transduction

A

receptors convert energy into electrochemical patterns so that the brain can perceive sight/smell/sound/etc

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3
Q

coding

A

sensory receptors generate a specific pattern of neural activity

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4
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain

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5
Q

where does light enter the eye?

A

opening in center of iris called pupil

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6
Q

where is light focused?

A

lens of cornea onto rear surface of eye known as retina

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7
Q

retina

A

lined with visual receptors

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8
Q

where does light from left side of world strike the eye?

A

right side
(contralateral)

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9
Q

where do visual receptors send messages?

A

bipolar cells

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10
Q

where do bipolar cells send messages?

A

ganglion cells

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11
Q

route within the retina

A

receptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

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12
Q

optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells join one another to form optic nerve that travels to the brain

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13
Q

amacrine cells

A

additional cells that receive information from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar, ganglion, or amacrine cells

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14
Q

function of amacrine cells

A

control the ability of the ganglion cells to respond to shapes, movements, or other specific aspects of visual stimuli

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15
Q

blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye because it contains no receptors

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16
Q

why do you never notice your blindspot?

A

your brain fills in the gap and your other eye can see it

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17
Q

two kinds of receptors in vertebrate retina

A

rods and cones

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18
Q

rods

A

most abundant in the periphery of the eye and respond to faint light

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19
Q

cones

A

most abundant in and around the fovea
essential for color vision and useful in bright light

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20
Q

fovea

A

central portion of the retina packed tight with receptors and nearly free of ganglion axons and blood vessels

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21
Q

what does fovea allow for?

A

acute and detailed vision

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22
Q

midget ganglion cell

A

each receptor in the fovea attaches to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell

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23
Q

periphery of the retina

A

greater number of receptors converge into ganglion and bipolar cells

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24
Q

peripheral vision

A

detailed vision is less and allows fro greater perception of much fainter light

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25
how much of the brain's output are cones responsible for?
90%
26
what is the average number of axons in the optic nerve?
one million
27
average number of rods per retina
120 million
28
average number of cones per retina
6 million
29
photopigments
chemicals contained by rods and cones that release energy when struck by light
30
what do photopigments consist of?
opsins
31
shortest wavelength humans can perceive
violet 400 nanometers
32
longest wavelength humans can perceive
red 700 nanometers
33
two major interpretations of color vision
trichromative theory opponent-process theory
34
trichromative theory
color perception occurs through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones (short/medium/long wavelength)
35
trichromative theory: ratio of activity across the three types of cones
determines the color
36
trichromative theory: more intense light
increases the brightness of color, does not change the ratio
37
opponent-process theory
suggests we perceive color in terms of paired opposites bipolar cells are excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by another
38
limitations of color vision theories
color constancy
39
color constancy
ability to recognize color despite lighting changes, is not easily explain by theories
40
retinex theory
suggests the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color of each area
41
color vision deficiency
impairment in perceiving color differences gene responsible is contained on the X chromosome most common form is difficulty distinguishing red and green
42
cause of color vision deficiency
lack of a type of cone or a cone with abnormal properties
43
optic chiasm
place where the two optic nerves leaving the eye meet
44
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
part of the thalamus specialized for visual perception - destination for most ganglion cell axons - sends axons to other parts of the thalamus and to the visual areas of the occipital cortex - cortex and thalamus (relay station) feed information back and forth to each other
45
layers 1 and 2 of LGN
codes for gross form and movement
46
layers 3 and 4 of LGN
codes for fine details and color
47
horizontal cells
cells in the eye that make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells
48
bipolar cells
make synapses onto amacrine cells and ganglion cells
49
innermost layer on retina
photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
50
middle layer on retina
bipolar cells convey neural messages from rods and cones to retinal ganglion cells
51
outermost layer on retina
ganglion cells organizes signals and sends to the brain
52
lateral inhibition
reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons **retina's way responsible of sharpening contrasts to emphasize the borders of objects
53
receptive field
refers to the part of the visual field that either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain
54
receptive field for a receptor
point in space from which light strikes it
55
receptive field for other visual cells
derived from the visual field of cells that either excite or inhibit
56
three categories of ganglion cells
parvocellular magnocellular koniocellular
57
parvocellular neurons
- mostly located in/near fovea - smaller cell bodies and small receptive fields - highly sensitive to detect color and visual detail
58
magnocellular neurons
- distributed evenly throughout retina - larger cell bodies and larger receptive fields - highly sensitive to large overall patterns and moving stimuli
59
koniocellular neurons
- found throughout the retina - have small cell bodies - have several functions, axons terminate in many different places
60
primary visual cortex
receives information from the LGN and is the area responsible for the first stage of visual processing
61
three types of cells in visual cortex
simple cells complex cells end-stopped/hypercomplex cells
62
simple cells
- fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones - more light shines in excitatory zone, more cell responds - more light shines in inhibtory cell, less cell responds
63
complex cells
- located in V1 or V2 - large receptive field that can not be mapped into fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones - responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation and most strongly to a moving stimulus
64
end-stopped/hypercomplex cells
- located in V1 or V2 - similar to complex cells but with a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar shaped receptive field
65
feature detectors
neurons whose response indicates the presence of a particular feature stimuli (prolonged exposure decreases sensitivity)
66
secondary visual cortex
V2 receives information from V1, processes information further, and sends it to other areas - info is transferred between V1 and V2 in reciprocal manner
67
ventral stream
refers to path that goes through temporal cortex - "what" path - specialized for identifying and recognizing objects
68
dorsal stream
refers to path that goes through parietal cortex - "where/how" path - helps the motor system to find objects and move towards them
69
ventral stream damage
can see where objects are but cannot identify them
70
dorsal stream damage
can indentify objects but not know where they are
71
inferior temporal cortex
contains cells that respond selectively to complex shapes but are insensitive to distinctions that are critical to other cells
72
shape constancy
ability to recognize an object's shape despite changes in direction or size
73
visual agnosia
inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision
74
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
75
middle-temporal cortex (MT/V5)
responds to a stimulus moving in a particular direction
76
medial superior temporal cortex (MST)
respond to expansion, contraction, or rotation of a visual stimulus
77
motion blindness
refers to inability to determine the direction, speed, and whether objects are moving

psychobio (13 decks)

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