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psychobio > exam 2 chapter 5 > Flashcards

exam 2 chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

receptors (vision)

A

sensitive to light

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2
Q

transduction

A

receptors convert energy into electrochemical patterns so that the brain can perceive sight/smell/sound/etc

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3
Q

coding

A

sensory receptors generate a specific pattern of neural activity

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4
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain

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5
Q

where does light enter the eye?

A

opening in center of iris called pupil

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6
Q

where is light focused?

A

lens of cornea onto rear surface of eye known as retina

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7
Q

retina

A

lined with visual receptors

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8
Q

where does light from left side of world strike the eye?

A

right side
(contralateral)

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9
Q

where do visual receptors send messages?

A

bipolar cells

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10
Q

where do bipolar cells send messages?

A

ganglion cells

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11
Q

route within the retina

A

receptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

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12
Q

optic nerve

A

axons of ganglion cells join one another to form optic nerve that travels to the brain

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13
Q

amacrine cells

A

additional cells that receive information from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar, ganglion, or amacrine cells

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14
Q

function of amacrine cells

A

control the ability of the ganglion cells to respond to shapes, movements, or other specific aspects of visual stimuli

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15
Q

blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye because it contains no receptors

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16
Q

why do you never notice your blindspot?

A

your brain fills in the gap and your other eye can see it

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17
Q

two kinds of receptors in vertebrate retina

A

rods and cones

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18
Q

rods

A

most abundant in the periphery of the eye and respond to faint light

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19
Q

cones

A

most abundant in and around the fovea
essential for color vision and useful in bright light

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20
Q

fovea

A

central portion of the retina packed tight with receptors and nearly free of ganglion axons and blood vessels

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21
Q

what does fovea allow for?

A

acute and detailed vision

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22
Q

midget ganglion cell

A

each receptor in the fovea attaches to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell

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23
Q

periphery of the retina

A

greater number of receptors converge into ganglion and bipolar cells

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24
Q

peripheral vision

A

detailed vision is less and allows fro greater perception of much fainter light

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25
Q

how much of the brain’s output are cones responsible for?

A

90%

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26
Q

what is the average number of axons in the optic nerve?

A

one million

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27
Q

average number of rods per retina

A

120 million

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28
Q

average number of cones per retina

A

6 million

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29
Q

photopigments

A

chemicals contained by rods and cones that release energy when struck by light

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30
Q

what do photopigments consist of?

A

opsins

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31
Q

shortest wavelength humans can perceive

A

violet
400 nanometers

32
Q

longest wavelength humans can perceive

A

red
700 nanometers

33
Q

two major interpretations of color vision

A

trichromative theory
opponent-process theory

34
Q

trichromative theory

A

color perception occurs through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones
(short/medium/long wavelength)

35
Q

trichromative theory: ratio of activity across the three types of cones

A

determines the color

36
Q

trichromative theory: more intense light

A

increases the brightness of color, does not change the ratio

37
Q

opponent-process theory

A

suggests we perceive color in terms of paired opposites
bipolar cells are excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by another

38
Q

limitations of color vision theories

A

color constancy

39
Q

color constancy

A

ability to recognize color despite lighting changes, is not easily explain by theories

40
Q

retinex theory

A

suggests the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color of each area

41
Q

color vision deficiency

A

impairment in perceiving color differences
gene responsible is contained on the X chromosome
most common form is difficulty distinguishing red and green

42
Q

cause of color vision deficiency

A

lack of a type of cone or a cone with abnormal properties

43
Q

optic chiasm

A

place where the two optic nerves leaving the eye meet

44
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

part of the thalamus specialized for visual perception
- destination for most ganglion cell axons
- sends axons to other parts of the thalamus and to the visual areas of the occipital cortex
- cortex and thalamus (relay station) feed information back and forth to each other

45
Q

layers 1 and 2 of LGN

A

codes for gross form and movement

46
Q

layers 3 and 4 of LGN

A

codes for fine details and color

47
Q

horizontal cells

A

cells in the eye that make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells

48
Q

bipolar cells

A

make synapses onto amacrine cells and ganglion cells

49
Q

innermost layer on retina

A

photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

50
Q

middle layer on retina

A

bipolar cells
convey neural messages from rods and cones to retinal ganglion cells

51
Q

outermost layer on retina

A

ganglion cells
organizes signals and sends to the brain

52
Q

lateral inhibition

A

reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons
**retina’s way responsible of sharpening contrasts to emphasize the borders of objects

53
Q

receptive field

A

refers to the part of the visual field that either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain

54
Q

receptive field for a receptor

A

point in space from which light strikes it

55
Q

receptive field for other visual cells

A

derived from the visual field of cells that either excite or inhibit

56
Q

three categories of ganglion cells

A

parvocellular
magnocellular
koniocellular

57
Q

parvocellular neurons

A
  • mostly located in/near fovea
  • smaller cell bodies and small receptive fields
  • highly sensitive to detect color and visual detail
58
Q

magnocellular neurons

A
  • distributed evenly throughout retina
  • larger cell bodies and larger receptive fields
  • highly sensitive to large overall patterns and moving stimuli
59
Q

koniocellular neurons

A
  • found throughout the retina
  • have small cell bodies
  • have several functions, axons terminate in many different places
60
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receives information from the LGN and is the area responsible for the first stage of visual processing

61
Q

three types of cells in visual cortex

A

simple cells
complex cells
end-stopped/hypercomplex cells

62
Q

simple cells

A
  • fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones
  • more light shines in excitatory zone, more cell responds
  • more light shines in inhibtory cell, less cell responds
63
Q

complex cells

A
  • located in V1 or V2
  • large receptive field that can not be mapped into fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones
  • responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation and most strongly to a moving stimulus
64
Q

end-stopped/hypercomplex cells

A
  • located in V1 or V2
  • similar to complex cells but with a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar shaped receptive field
65
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons whose response indicates the presence of a particular feature stimuli
(prolonged exposure decreases sensitivity)

66
Q

secondary visual cortex

A

V2
receives information from V1, processes information further, and sends it to other areas
- info is transferred between V1 and V2 in reciprocal manner

67
Q

ventral stream

A

refers to path that goes through temporal cortex
- “what” path
- specialized for identifying and recognizing objects

68
Q

dorsal stream

A

refers to path that goes through parietal cortex
- “where/how” path
- helps the motor system to find objects and move towards them

69
Q

ventral stream damage

A

can see where objects are but cannot identify them

70
Q

dorsal stream damage

A

can indentify objects but not know where they are

71
Q

inferior temporal cortex

A

contains cells that respond selectively to complex shapes but are insensitive to distinctions that are critical to other cells

72
Q

shape constancy

A

ability to recognize an object’s shape despite changes in direction or size

73
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision

74
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize faces

75
Q

middle-temporal cortex (MT/V5)

A

responds to a stimulus moving in a particular direction

76
Q

medial superior temporal cortex (MST)

A

respond to expansion, contraction, or rotation of a visual stimulus

77
Q

motion blindness

A

refers to inability to determine the direction, speed, and whether objects are moving

psychobio (13 decks)

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