exam 3 chapter 9

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range

Question 2

set point

Answer 2

single value that the body works to maintain
(water, oxygen, glucose, etc.)

Question 3

negative feedback

Answer 3

processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point

Question 4

allostasis

Answer 4

refers to the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation

Question 5

basal metabolism

Answer 5

energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest

Question 6

poikilothermic (ectothermic)

Answer 6

refers to the idea that the body temperature matches that of the environment
(cold-blooded)

Question 7

homeothermic (endothermic)

Answer 7

refers to the use of internal physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temperature
(requires energy and fuel)

Question 8

mammals have evolved to have a constant temperature of …?

Answer 8

98 Fº / 37 Cº

Question 9

preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH)

Answer 9

receives input from temperature receptors throughout the body

Question 10

immune system delivers …

Answer 10

prostaglandins and histamines
- causes shivering, increased metabolism, and fever

Question 11

fever

Answer 11

reflects an increased body temperature set point, directed by the hypothalamus

Question 12

functions of fever

Answer 12

bacteria grows less vigorously, immune system works harder

Question 13

fever of above what temperature hurts body more than it helps

Answer 13

103 Fº
(109 Fº is life threatening)

Question 14

cytokines

Answer 14

small proteins that attack intruders but also stimulate the vagus nerve

Question 15

water constitutes what percent of the mammalian body

Answer 15

70%

Question 16

water can be conserved by…

Answer 16

-excreting concentrated urine
-decreasing sweat and other autonomic responses

Question 17

vasopressin

Answer 17

hormone that raises blood pressure, helps to compensate for decreased water volume

Question 18

vasopressin water regulation pathway

Answer 18

posterior pituary gland, vasopressin, elevate blood pressure

Question 19

osmotic thirst

Answer 19

results from eating salty foods

Question 20

hypovolemic thirst

Answer 20

resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating

Question 21

fixed concentration of solutes in the body is a set point

Answer 21

0.15 M (molar) in mammals

Question 22

osmotic pressure

Answer 22

tendency of water to flow across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Question 23

lateral preoptic area

Answer 23

controls drinking

Question 24

when osmotic thirst is triggered, water that you drink must be absorbed through the…

Answer 24

digestive system

Question 25

renin

Answer 25

enzyme that kidneys release to turn into angiotensin II

Question 26

digestion begins in the ...

Answer 26

mouth enzymes break down carbohydrates

Question 27

small intenstine digests ...

Answer 27

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

Question 28

large intestine digests ...

Answer 28

absorbs water and minerals

Question 29

lactase

Answer 29

intestinal enzyme necessary for matabolizing lactose

Question 30

lactose

Answer 30

sugar found in milk

Question 31

fat energy stored percentage

Answer 31

85%

Question 32

protein energy stored percentage

Answer 32

14.5%

Question 33

glycogen energy stored percentage

Answer 33

0.5%

Question 34

vagus nerve function

Answer 34

conveys information about the stretching of the stomach walls to the brain

Question 35

splanchnic nerve function

Answer 35

conveys information about the nutrient contents of the stomach

Question 36

duodendum

Answer 36

small intestine where the initial absorption of significant amounts of nutrients occurs

Question 37

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 37

hormone that helps to regulate hunger

Question 38

glucose

Answer 38

main product of digestion, important source of energy for the body, nearly the only fuel used by the brain

Question 39

insulin

Answer 39

pancreatic hormone that enables glucose to enter the cell

Question 40

glucagon

Answer 40

hormone released by the pancreas when glucose levels fall

Question 41

type 1 diabetes

Answer 41

insulin levels remain constantly low, but blood glucose levels are high

Question 42

leptin

Answer 42

peptide that signals the brain to increase of decrease eating

Question 43

low levels of leptin

Answer 43

increase hunger

Question 44

high levels of leptin

Answer 44

reduce eating increase physical and immune system activity

Question 45

arcuate nucleus

Answer 45

part of the hypothalamus containing two sets of nuerons: sensitive to hunger and satiety signals

Question 46

ghrelin

Answer 46

released as a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the stomach

Question 47

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Answer 47

important for feelings of hunger and satiety

Question 48

melanocortin

Answer 48

a chemical that is important for limiting food intake

Question 49

feeding related functions of the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 49

controls insulin secretion and alters taste responsiveness

Question 50

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 50

inhibits feeding damage causes overeating and weight gain

Question 51

prader-willi syndrome

Answer 51

genetic condition marked by intellectual disability, short stature, and obesity