exam 2 chapter 6

Question 1

audition

Answer 1

sense of hearing, depends on ability to detect sound waves

Question 2

sound waves

Answer 2

periodic compressions of air, water, or other media
“transduced” into action potentials and send to the brain

Question 3

amplitude

Answer 3

refers to height and subsequent intensity of the sound wave

Question 4

loudness

Answer 4

refers to perception of the sound wave in which amplitude is one factor

Question 5

frequency

Answer 5

refers to the number of compressions (oscillations) per second
(measured in Hz/Hertz)
- related to pitch (high/low) of a sound

Question 6

timbre

Answer 6

tone quality or tone complexity

Question 7

pinna

Answer 7

outer ear
skin and cartilage on side of ear

Question 8

tympanic membrane

Answer 8

middle ear
vibrates at same rate when struck by sound waves

Question 9

3 bones in middle ear

Answer 9

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Question 10

cochlea

Answer 10

inner ear
3 fluid filled tunnels

Question 11

hair cells

Answer 11

inner ear
auditory receptors

Question 12

2 pitch perception theories

Answer 12

place theory and frequency theory

Question 13

place theory

Answer 13

each area along the basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency of sound wave

Question 14

frequency theory

Answer 14

the basilar membrane vibrates in symphony with the sound and causes auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency

Question 15

current pitch theory

Answer 15

combines modified versions of place and frequency theory

Question 16

current pitch theory- low frequency

Answer 16

best explained by frequency theory

Question 17

current pitch theory- high frequency

Answer 17

best explained by place theory

Question 18

volley principle

Answer 18

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses
- no individual axon solely approaches that frequency
- requires auditory cells to precisely time their responses

Question 19

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Answer 19

(thalamus) relay station between ears and cortex

Question 20

primary auditory cortex

Answer 20

C1
destination for most information from the auditory system
- not necessary for hearing but for processing the information

Question 21

tonotopic map

Answer 21

cells in primary auditory cortex are more responsive to preferred tones

Question 22

amusia

Answer 22

impaired detection of frequency changes
(tone deaf)

Question 23

absolute pitch

Answer 23

ability to hear a note and identify it

Question 24

conductive/middle ear deafness

Answer 24

bones in middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to cochlea
(disease/infections)

Question 25

nerve/inner ear deafness

Answer 25

damage to cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve (inherited/early childhood disorders)

Question 26

tinnitus

Answer 26

frequency/constant ringing in ears

Question 27

vestibular sense

Answer 27

system that detects the position and movement of the head

Question 28

otoliths

Answer 28

calcium carbonate partciles that push against different hair cells and excite them when the head tilts

Question 29

somatosensory system

Answer 29

refers to sensation of the body and its movements (discriminative touch, temperature, pain, movement of joints)

Question 30

mechanoreceptors

Answer 30

pressure

Question 31

nocireceptors

Answer 31

pain

Question 32

thermoreceptors

Answer 32

temperature

Question 33

proprioceptors

Answer 33

location of limbs

Question 34

how many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 34

31

Question 35

dermatome

Answer 35

body area innervated by a single sensory spinal nerve

Question 36

where is the somatosensory cortex located?

Answer 36

parietal lobe

Question 37

what is special about axons carrying pain info?

Answer 37

they do not have myelin

Question 38

glutamate

Answer 38

triggered by mild pain, released in spinal cord

Question 39

stronger pain releases ____

Answer 39

glutamate, substance P and CGRP

Question 40

substance P

Answer 40

results in increased intensity of pain

Question 41

pain regulation chemicals

Answer 41

substance P: sustains pain endorphins: reduce pain

Question 42

itch

Answer 42

release of histamines by the skin

Question 43

function of taste

Answer 43

spit or swallow

Question 44

taste

Answer 44

stimulation of taste buds

Question 45

perception of flavor

Answer 45

combination of both taste and smell

Question 46

where do taste and smell axons converge?

Answer 46

endopiriform cortex

Question 47

papillae

Answer 47

structures on surface of the tongue that contain taste buds (0-10 each)

Question 48

approximately how many receptors does each taste bud contain?

Answer 48

50

Question 49

adaptation

Answer 49

refers to reduced perception of a stimuli due to the fatigue of receptors

Question 50

cross-adaptation

Answer 50

refers to reduced response to one stimuli after exposure to another

Question 51

tip of tongue

Answer 51

sweetness

Question 52

back of tongue

Answer 52

bitterness

Question 53

sides of tongue

Answer 53

saltiness and sourness

Question 54

insula

Answer 54

primary taste cortex

Question 55

olfaction

Answer 55

sense of smell detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose

Question 56

olfactory cells

Answer 56

neurons responsible for smell in rear of nasal passage

Question 57

how often are olfactory receptors replaced?

Answer 57

every month to avoid permanent damage

Question 58

vomeronasal organ

Answer 58

set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors that are sensitive to pheromones

Question 59

pheromones

Answer 59

chemical released by an animal to affect the behavior of others of the same species

Question 60

synesthesia

Answer 60

experience of one sense in response to stimulation of another sense