exam 2 chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing, depends on ability to detect sound waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sound waves

A

periodic compressions of air, water, or other media
“transduced” into action potentials and send to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

amplitude

A

refers to height and subsequent intensity of the sound wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

loudness

A

refers to perception of the sound wave in which amplitude is one factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frequency

A

refers to the number of compressions (oscillations) per second
(measured in Hz/Hertz)
- related to pitch (high/low) of a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

timbre

A

tone quality or tone complexity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pinna

A

outer ear
skin and cartilage on side of ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tympanic membrane

A

middle ear
vibrates at same rate when struck by sound waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 bones in middle ear

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cochlea

A

inner ear
3 fluid filled tunnels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hair cells

A

inner ear
auditory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 pitch perception theories

A

place theory and frequency theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

place theory

A

each area along the basilar membrane is tuned to a specific frequency of sound wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

frequency theory

A

the basilar membrane vibrates in symphony with the sound and causes auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

current pitch theory

A

combines modified versions of place and frequency theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

current pitch theory- low frequency

A

best explained by frequency theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

current pitch theory- high frequency

A

best explained by place theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

volley principle

A

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses
- no individual axon solely approaches that frequency
- requires auditory cells to precisely time their responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

A

(thalamus) relay station between ears and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

C1
destination for most information from the auditory system
- not necessary for hearing but for processing the information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tonotopic map

A

cells in primary auditory cortex are more responsive to preferred tones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

amusia

A

impaired detection of frequency changes
(tone deaf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

absolute pitch

A

ability to hear a note and identify it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

conductive/middle ear deafness

A

bones in middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to cochlea
(disease/infections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
nerve/inner ear deafness
damage to cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve (inherited/early childhood disorders)
26
tinnitus
frequency/constant ringing in ears
27
vestibular sense
system that detects the position and movement of the head
28
otoliths
calcium carbonate partciles that push against different hair cells and excite them when the head tilts
29
somatosensory system
refers to sensation of the body and its movements (discriminative touch, temperature, pain, movement of joints)
30
mechanoreceptors
pressure
31
nocireceptors
pain
32
thermoreceptors
temperature
33
proprioceptors
location of limbs
34
how many spinal nerves are there?
31
35
dermatome
body area innervated by a single sensory spinal nerve
36
where is the somatosensory cortex located?
parietal lobe
37
what is special about axons carrying pain info?
they do not have myelin
38
glutamate
triggered by mild pain, released in spinal cord
39
stronger pain releases ____
glutamate, substance P and CGRP
40
substance P
results in increased intensity of pain
41
pain regulation chemicals
substance P: sustains pain endorphins: reduce pain
42
itch
release of histamines by the skin
43
function of taste
spit or swallow
44
taste
stimulation of taste buds
45
perception of flavor
combination of both taste and smell
46
where do taste and smell axons converge?
endopiriform cortex
47
papillae
structures on surface of the tongue that contain taste buds (0-10 each)
48
approximately how many receptors does each taste bud contain?
50
49
adaptation
refers to reduced perception of a stimuli due to the fatigue of receptors
50
cross-adaptation
refers to reduced response to one stimuli after exposure to another
51
tip of tongue
sweetness
52
back of tongue
bitterness
53
sides of tongue
saltiness and sourness
54
insula
primary taste cortex
55
olfaction
sense of smell detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the membranes inside the nose
56
olfactory cells
neurons responsible for smell in rear of nasal passage
57
how often are olfactory receptors replaced?
every month to avoid permanent damage
58
vomeronasal organ
set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors that are sensitive to pheromones
59
pheromones
chemical released by an animal to affect the behavior of others of the same species
60
synesthesia
experience of one sense in response to stimulation of another sense