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Biopsychology > Exam 4 - Biopsychology of psychiatric disorders > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Biopsychology of psychiatric disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia

A

mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality

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2
Q

What are the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • disturbances in thought - delusions (erroneous beliefs)
  • disturbances in perception - hallucinations (sensory experience with no stimuli)
  • disturbances in movement - psychomotor agitation or retardation, or catatonia
  • disturbances in affect - show inappropriate emotion or no emotion
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3
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • delusions and hallucinations
  • normal people do not exhibit these symptoms
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4
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • decreased speech, emotion, or movement (catatonia)
  • absence or deficit of normally present behaviors
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5
Q

What is the course of schizophrenia?

A
  1. prodromal phase - person becomes socially withdrawn and school or work performance declines
  2. active phase - more acute symptoms of the disorder appear, such as hallucinations and delusions
  3. residual phase - some recovery of functioning occurs
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6
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis/theory of schizophrenia?

A
  • excess of activity in the dopamine system results in the positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations)
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7
Q

What does Chlorpromazine do?

A

dopamine antagonist, which blocks dopamine receptors, which in turn improves positive symptoms

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8
Q

What drugs produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

amphetamine, cocaine, and L-dopa, because they increase dopamine levels

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9
Q

What percentage of people do not experience relief from the positive symptoms?

A

30%

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10
Q

There are low levels of what two neurotransmitters in people with schizophrenia?

A

GABA and glutamate

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11
Q

What is one of the side effects of DA antagonists (drug to treat schizophrenia)?

A
  • tardive dyskinesia - a motor disorder with facial tics and involuntary limb movements
  • dopamine is important for movement, and DA antagonists block the uptake of it
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12
Q

What are the neural changes in people with schizophrenia?

A
  • enlarged lateral ventricles
  • loss of dendritic material in the prefrontal cortex
  • neurons in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex are disorganized
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13
Q

What is the hypofrontality theory?

A
  • the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
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14
Q

The more closely related to someone with schizophrenia, the ______ likely someone is to have it.

A

more, the concordance rate for identical twins is 50%

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15
Q

What type of schizophrenia did John Nash have?

A

paranoid schizophrenia

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16
Q

Depressive disorder

A

disorder in which depression is the only mood state

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17
Q

Depression

A

feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection, characterized by intense, continuing feeling of sadness and worthlessness

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18
Q

Major Depression

A

a type of depressive disorder characterized by a depressed mood for at least two weeks, no intermittent moods

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19
Q

Dysthymia

A

also called persistent depressive disorder, a chronic form of depression, usually of a low level

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20
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

affective disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression

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21
Q

What is the difference between bipolar 1 & 2 disorder?

A
  • bipolar 1 has mania and depression
  • bipolar 2 has hypomania and depression
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22
Q

Cyclothymia

A

one of the bipolar disorders characterized by less intense episodes of mania and depression

23
Q

Hypomania

A

a milder form of mania in which occupational or social functioning is not impaired, also occurs for less time than manic episodes

24
Q

What are some symptoms of depression?

A
  • loss of energy and concentration, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, loss of interest in activities, agitation, suicidal ideation
25
Q

What are the structural abnormalities in the brain that are seen in affective disorders (depressive and bipolar disorders)?

A
  • reduction in volume of gray matter of orbital frontal cortex, and prefrontal in individuals with bipolar disorders
  • reductions in brain volume in the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamic nuclei (limbic system)
26
Q

In depression, there is a reduction of metabolic activity where in the brain? Where is there decreased blood flow and metabolic activity?

A
  • left frontal cortex
  • cingulate gyrus and the basal ganglia
27
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression? What are other findings related to this?

A
  • depression is caused by decreased activity at noradrenic and serotonergic synapses
  • 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) is lower in people with major depression
  • Norepi. metabolites increases during manic episodes
28
Q

Drugs that increase ________ levels are associated with a reduction in depression.

A

monoamine, norepi and serotonin

29
Q

What mood stabilizing drug is clinically effective in treating mania? What NT does it decrease?

A

lithium carbonate, decreases the reuptake of norepi, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, neuropeptides, and glutamate

30
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

a major site of norepi. synthesis, located in the pons

31
Q

What does stimulation of the locus coeruleus cause? What do these behaviors resemble? What does this mean?

A
  • excessive arousal, hypervigilance, and suppression of exploratory activity in primates
  • resemble behaviors of depressed humans
  • suggests that the locus coeruleus has a role in depression
32
Q

Depressed patients may have hyperresponsive cholinergic systems. What does this mean?

A

these systems create acetylcholine, which hyperstimulates the locus coeruleus

33
Q

What NTs do depressed people lack?

A

GABA, serotonin and norepi.

34
Q

What drugs are used to treat the affective disorders? Explain what each does.

A
  • Tricyclic compounds: increase norepi and serotonin by interfering with their reuptake, can cause dizziness a drowsiness
  • Monoamnie oxidase inhibitors: increase norepi and serotonin by preventing their breakdown
  • Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): decreases serotonin reuptake, most affective with atypical depression
35
Q

What is ECT? What is it used to treat? What might be a more effective application of this therapy in order to get less side effects?

A
  • electroconvulsive therapy
  • affective disorders
  • a right unilateral ECT may be as effective, and cause less side effects
36
Q

What is TMS?

A
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • alternative treatment to ECT
37
Q

Concordance rate, what is it for bipolar disorder and major depression?

A
  • the rate at which any characteristic occurs in both members of a pair of relatives
  • bipolar: 20-75% in identical twins
  • major depression: 50% in identical twins
38
Q

Learned helplessness, what is this associated with?

A
  • pattern of depression-like behavior produced by repeated exposure to an inescapable noxious event
  • heightened locus coeruleus activity
39
Q

People with depression enter REM ______.

A

earlier

40
Q

What hormone do depressed people have an excess of?

A

cortisol

41
Q

Dexamethasone suppression test

A

test to determine whether the administration of dexamethasone suppresses ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisone secretion; many depressed people have an abnormal response

42
Q

What are the animal models for anxiety?

A
  • elevated-plus-maze
  • defensive-burying
  • risk-assessment test
43
Q

What part of the brain is thought to be involved in anxiety? What NTs?

A
  • amygdala
  • serotonin and GABA
44
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

a disorder of tics, involuntary movements or vocalizations

45
Q

The pathway involved in which other disorder is believed to be involved in Tourette’s? Which pathway is this?

A
  • OCD
  • basal ganglia circuit
46
Q

What is Tourette’s usually treated with?

A

neuroleptics, antipsychotics

47
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities despite the absence of causal stimulus - has to occur for at least 6 months

48
Q

What are some symptoms of anxiety?

A

restlessness, trouble concentrating, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, etc.

49
Q

Anxiety

A

fear in the absence of threat

50
Q

Phobia

A

strong and persistent fear recognized as excessive or unreasonable, triggered by a specific object of situation

51
Q

Panic disorder

A

occurrence of panic attacks that seem to come “out of the blue” - worry about additional attacks

52
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

obsessive thoughts alleviated by compulsive actions

53
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

trauma memory reexperienced involuntarily, with some emotional force

54
Q

What is used to treat anxiety disorders?

A
  • benzodiazepines: GABA agonists
  • SSRIs: decreases serotonin reuptake

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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