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Biopsychology > Exam 3 - Sleep, dreaming, and circadian rhythms > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Sleep, dreaming, and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are associated with relaxed wakefulness are called​
A. K complexes
B. Delta waves​
C. Alpha waves
D. Sleep spindles

A

C

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2
Q

During REM sleep, there
A. Is a general increase in muscle tension in the muscles of the body core​
B. Is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core​
C. Are occasional bursts of delta activity​
D. Are occasional bursts of EMG activity from the cortex

A

B

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3
Q

Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced during wakefulness are often referred to as​:
A. Circadian theories
B. free-running theories​
C. Zeitgeber theories
D. recuperation theories

A

D

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4
Q

Species that sleep a lot tend to: ​
A. Be invulnerable to predation when they sleep​
B. Be more active​
C. Have higher body temperatures​
D. Be small

A

A

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5
Q

Circadian cycles without zeitgebers are said to be: ​
A. free-running rhythms
B. desynchronized​
C. Diurnal
D. jet lag

A

A

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6
Q

Which of the following is most likely to occur after the loss of a small amount of sleep?​
A. Disruption of motor performance
B. deficits in IQ​
C. Disruption of homeostasis
D. disturbances of vigilance

A

D

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7
Q

Electrical stimulation of the _________ awakens sleeping cats​
A. Preoptic area
B. cerebellum​
C. Reticular formation
D. basal forebrain

A

C

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8
Q

Bilateral lesions of the __________ disrupt circadian cycles.​
A. Suprachiasmatic nuclei
B. lateral preoptic area​
C. POAH
D. amygdala

A

A

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9
Q

What are the 3 physiological measures of sleep?

A
  1. EEG - sum of electrical activity in the brain, differentiates different stages in the sleep cycle
  2. Electrooculogram - eye movements seen during REM
  3. Electromyogram - loss of activity in neck muscles during some sleep stages
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10
Q

Stage 1 of sleep, what are the two components of stage 1?

A
  • similar to awake EEG, but slower. High frequency, low voltage.
    1. beta waves - mentally alert and paying attention
    2. alpha waves - eyes closed, prepared to sleep
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11
Q

What is stage 2 of sleep characterized by?

A
  1. K complexes - large negative waves
  2. Sleep spindles - burst of 12-14 Hz waves
  3. some theta waves
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12
Q

What are stages of 3 and 4 of sleep characterized by?

A
  • delta waves (large and slow)
  • deeper stages of sleep
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13
Q

What is the order of the stages of sleep?

A
  1. initial stage 1 - stage 4
  2. stage 4 - emergent stage 1/stage 5 (REM)
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14
Q

About how long is each sleep stage?

A

90 minutes

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15
Q

REM

A
  • rapid eye movement
  • loss of core muscle tone, low-amplitude/high-frequency EEG, increased cerebral and autonomic activity, muscles may twitch
  • beta waves
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16
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Stages 3 and 4

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17
Q

When do vivid dreams occur? When is sleepwalking and talking less likely to occur?

A

during REM

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18
Q

What was Freud’s theory about dreaming?

A

dreams represent acceptable release of sexual and aggressive instincts

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19
Q

What is the Cognitive theory of dreaming?

A

dreams are a way to deal with life’s problems, and may be involved in memory storage

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20
Q

What is the Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

A

dreams have no inherent meaning, and result from mental interpretation of neural activity during sleep

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21
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

when you’re dreaming and aware of it

22
Q

What are the theories of why we sleep? Explain each.

A
  1. Recuperation theory - sleep is needed to restore homeostasis that is deviated by wakefulness
  2. Circadian theory - sleep is an internal timing mechanism, and has evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night
23
Q

What are free running rhythms?

A

rhythms that do not depend on external signals (light)

24
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

internal timing mechanism that results in sleep, a sleep-wake cycle that lasts 24 hours

25
Q

What does 3-4 hours of sleep deprivation in one night result in?

A
  • increased sleepiness
  • disturbances in mood
  • decreased vigilance
26
Q

What does 2-3 days of sleep deprivation result in?

A
  • microsleeps (naps of 2-3 seconds)
27
Q

What apparatus was used to deprive test-rats of sleep? What was the result of several days of sleep deprivation in these rats?

A
  • carousel apparatus - if the rats do not awaken, they will fall into water
  • death due to extreme stress
28
Q

What are the two effects of REM sleep deprivation?

A
  1. proceed more rapidly into REM
  2. REM rebound (more time spent in REM)
29
Q

What are the purposes of REM?

A
  1. necessary for mental health
  2. necessary for maintenance of normal levels of motivation
  3. necessary for processing of memories, and learning
30
Q

What does damage in the posterior hypothalamus and adjacent midbrain cause?

A

excessive sleep

31
Q

What does damage in preoptic area and adjacent forebrain cause?

A

wakefullness

32
Q

What brain mechanism controls arousal?

A
  • reticular activating system (begins in hindbrain and extends into midbrain)
33
Q

What is the main part of the reticular activating system? What is its transmitter substance?

A
  • locus coeruleus
  • norepinephrine
34
Q

What brain mechanisms control NREM sleep? What are their transmitters?

A
  1. Raphé nuclei, serotonin
  2. basal forebrain, GABA
35
Q

What brain mechanisms control REM sleep?

A

decreased locus coeruleus activity removes inhibition from the caudal reticular formation, which initiates REM sleep

36
Q

What CANNOT be activated if REM is to take place?

A

the locus coeruleus

37
Q

How long are circadian rhythms?

A

about a day

38
Q

Zeitgebers

A

environmental cues that entrain circadian cycles

39
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus responsible for? Where is it located?

A
  • location of the major circadian clocks
  • medial hypothalamus
40
Q

What does the pineal gland release? What can this be used for?

A
  • melatonin
  • shifting the circadian rhythms
41
Q

Jet lag, how can it be reduced?

A
  • zeitgebers are accelerated or decelerated, circadian rhythm is shifted
  • gradually shift sleep-wake cycle
42
Q

Shift work, how can it be reduced?

A
  • zeitgebers unchanged, but sleep-wake cycle is altered
  • move from current schedule to one that starts later
43
Q

What is the Cerveau isole preparation?

A

disconnected basal forebrain from the rest of the brain

44
Q

Insomnia

A

a long-term inability to get enough sleep

45
Q

Sleep apnea

A

characterized by repeated interruption of sleep caused by the cessation of breathing

46
Q

Sleepwalking, what type of sleep disorder is this?

A
  • getting out of bed and walking around, occurs in stages 3 and 4
  • NREM
47
Q

Night terrors, what type of sleep disorder is this?

A
  • an abrupt wakening, accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic, do not remember what scared them
  • NREM
48
Q

Bedwetting, what type of sleep disorder is this?

A
  • characterized by a lack of bladder control during sleep
  • NREM
49
Q

Narcolepsy, what type of sleep disorder is this?

A
  • sudden, uncontrollable sleep attack, usually initiated by monotonous activity
  • REM
50
Q

What is narcolepsy characterized by?

A
  • fall into REM sleep randomly
    1. Cataplexy - sudden, complete lack of muscle tone
    2. Sleep paralysis - a brief paralysis that occurs when the individual is falling asleep or awakening
51
Q

What are also a part of REM sleep?

A

nightmares, they do remember what scared them

52
Q

About how much sleep do you need?

A

7-9 hours

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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