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Biopsychology > Exam 4 - Biology of emotion and stress > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Biology of emotion and stress Flashcards

1
Q

Emotion

A

feeling that differs from a person’s normal affective state; a biological function of the nervous sytem

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2
Q

What are the three attributes of emotion?

A
  1. a change in physiological arousal
  2. an affective (feeling) response
  3. a behavioral response
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3
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

A
  • physiological changes that occur in response to an event determine the experience of an emotion
  • physiological response happens first
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4
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A
  • an event activates the thalamus, stimulating the cerebral cortex to produce the emotion and physiological reaction
  • thalamus -> cerebral cortex -> emotion and physiological reaction
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5
Q

What is the Papez circuit of emotion?

A
  • later called the limbic system:
    • hypothalamus (emotional expression)
    • cingulate gyrus (responsible for emotional experience)
    • amygdala
    • hippocampus
    • septum
    • thalamus
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6
Q

What are primary emotions?

A
  • innate, built-in, hardwired emotions; processed by the limbic system, particularly the amygdala
  • anger, fear
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7
Q

What are secondary emotions?

A
  • emotion that is learned and processed by the limbic system, prefrontal areas and somatosensory cortices
  • heartbreak, betrayal
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8
Q

What is Schachter’s Cognitive Model

A

if unable to identify the cause of a physiological arousal, a person will attribute it to environmental conditions

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9
Q

Aggression

A

behavior motivated by the intent to harm a living being or an inanimate object

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10
Q

Fear induced aggression

A
  • aggression triggered by fear, a defensive reaction
  • an animal cornered and unable to escape from danger becomes aggressive
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11
Q

Irritable aggression

A
  • aggression triggered by irritation/frustration
  • a frustrated or angry animal attacks another animal or object
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12
Q

What type of aggression is included in irritable aggression?

A

pain-elicited aggression: aggression triggered by a physically or psychologically painful injury

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13
Q

Klüver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • produced by bilateral temporal lobectomy
  • characterized by placidity, socially inappropriate sexual activity, compulsive orality (putting things in their mouth), decreased ability to recognize people, memory defecits
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14
Q

What diseases have been associated with aggressive behavior?

A
  • brain tumors
  • epilepsy (specifically in the temporal lobe)
  • viral encephalitis
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15
Q

What type of EEG activity has been associated with violence/aggression?

A
  • Increased delta activity and decreased alpha activity in the temporal and parieto-occipital areas
  • focal abnormalities in the left hemisphere
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16
Q

What hormone affects aggression? What neurotransmitter?

A
  • testosterone
  • low serotonin
17
Q

What brain regions are associated with fear-induced aggression?

A
  • lesions of the anterior third of the temporal lobe or the prefrontal cortex decreased fear-induced aggression
  • lesions of the septum caused in increase in fear-induced aggression
18
Q

Is any fear associated with the destruction of the amygdala in rats?

A

no

19
Q

Mice with increased MAO had decreased aggressive behavior. True or false?

A

True

20
Q

Mice lacking the _______ transporter mechanism showed a reduction in aggressive behavior. _______ ______ has also been implicated in aggressive behavior in mice.

A

serotonin, nitric oxide

21
Q

Stressor

A

event that either strains or overwhelms the ability of an organism to adjust to the environment

22
Q

Physiological stressors

A

include extreme cold or heat, the invasion of dangerous microorganisms, and physical injury

23
Q

Psychological stressors

A

include the death of a relative or friend, an upcoming exam, and being fired from a job

24
Q

What are the components of stress?

A
  • pressure: an expectation to behave in a specific way within a particular time frame
  • conflict: the inability to satisfy two or more incompatible motives
  • frustration: the obstruction of achieving a goal
  • stress response: psychological and physiological changes that occur when we encounter a stressor; determines how adaptive we are
25
Q

What is Hans Selye’s General adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

A

a pattern of physiological responses to a physiological or psychological stressor; all stressors produce this response

26
Q

What is overtraining syndrome?

A
  • maladaptive response to excessive exercise without adequate rest
  • similar to the exhaustion stage of the of GAS
27
Q

What are the three stages of GAS?

A
  1. alarm stage: intense sympathetic nervous system arousal, fight or flight response
  2. resistance stage: hypothalamic activation causes an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. exhaustion stage: if the stress continues indefinitely, the organism eventually depletes its physiological resources, resulting in failure of the body’s defense system and eventually death
28
Q

Diseases of adaptation

A
  • an illness caused by the efforts of the body to cope with stressors
  • stress reactions can both cause these illnesses and intensify them
29
Q

Can stress effect the plasticity of certain brain structures?

A

yes, can suppress cell proliferation which causes a decrease in dendrites in the hippocampus, which decreases its size

30
Q

Distress

A

negative stress

31
Q

Eustress

A

positive stress with beneficial effects

32
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A

excessive competitive drive, high aggressiveness, and an intense sense of time urgency

33
Q

Type B behavior pattern

A

relatively relaxed, patient, and easy-going

34
Q

Which behavior pattern is more likely to cause a heart attack or coronary disease? Why is this?

A
  • Type A
  • significantly more reactive to stressors
  • higher norepi. release which can cause arterial damage, blood clots and cardiac arrhythmias
35
Q

Hardiness

A

ability to cope effectively with stressors

36
Q

What are some characteristics of hardy people?

A
  • less biologically responsive to stressors
  • greater sense of purpose, stronger commitment to self, and internal locus of control, and experience less emotional stress

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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