Exam 2 - Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Attention

Question 1

The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as:
A) seeing.​

B) hearing.​

C) sensation.​

D) perception

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the___________, of the vibrations that produced it.
A) frequency, amplitude, and complexity​

B) amplitude, complexity, and frequency​

C) amplitude, frequency, and complexity​

D) complexity, frequency, and amplitude

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of:
A) the auditory system.​

B) the vestibular system.​

C) a top-down system .​

D) an exteroceptive system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The major projections of the inferior colliculi go to the:
A) cochlear nuclei.​

B) medial geniculate nuclei.​

C) visual cortex.​

D) superior olives.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

In most of the mammals that have been studies, auditory cortex lesions produce:
A) total deafness.​

B) total deafness, if the lesions are bilateral.​

C) a deficit in the ability to localize brief sounds.​

D) compensatory growth in the cochlea.

Answer 5

C

Question 6

The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by:
A) free nerve endings.​

B) Pacinian corpuscles.​

C) nociceptors.​

D) temperoceptors.

Answer 6

A

Question 7

Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are:
A) blood cells.​

B) auditory receptors.​

C) receptors in the skin.​

D) taste receptors.

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Primary somatosensory cortex is in the:
A) postcentral gyrus.​

B) precentral gyrus.​

C) occipital lobe.​

D) frontal lobe.

Answer 8

A

Question 9

Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces:
A) opiates.​

B) serotonin.​

C) analgesia.​

D) opiate receptors.

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Sensation

Answer 10

detecting a stimulus

Question 11

Perception

Answer 11

understanding the stimulus (adding meaning)

Question 12

Sounds are ______ of air molecules.

Answer 12

vibrations

Question 13

Amplitude

Answer 13

loudness

Question 14

Frequency

Answer 14

pitch

Question 15

Complexity

Answer 15

timbre

Question 16

Pinna

Answer 16

outer ear, helps for localization of sound

Question 17

Tympanic membrane

Answer 17

the eardrum

Question 18

Ossicles

Answer 18

• hammer, anvil and stirrup
• smallest bones in the body
• cause vibrations at the oval window

Question 19

Oval window

Answer 19

vibration of this sets in motion the fluid of the cochlea

Question 20

Organ of Corti

Answer 20

auditory receptor organ

Question 21

Basilar membrane

Answer 21

• auditory receptors, hair cells are mounted here
• vibrations cause the hairs to move, which cause little actions potentials

Question 22

Tectorial membrane

Answer 22

rests on the hair cells of the basilar membrane

Question 23

What is tonotopic organization?

Answer 23

• different frequencies produce maximum stimulation at different points along the basilar membrane

Question 24

What is the order of the Auditory pathway?

Answer 24

1. auditory nerve axons
2. cochlear nucleus
3. superior olives
4. inferior colliculi
5. medial geniculate nucleus
6. primary auditory cortex

Question 25

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 25

temporal lobe

Question 26

Place code

Answer 26

- different frequencies are coded by different locations on the basilar membrane - how we hear higher frequencies

Question 27

Frequency code

Answer 27

how we hear low frequencies

Question 28

Cochlear implant

Answer 28

electrical device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear

Question 29

Medial sound localization

Answer 29

arrival time differences, location of sound

Question 30

Lateral sound localization

Answer 30

amplitude differences, distance of sound

Question 31

Conductive deafness

Answer 31

- due to damage to the ossicles - sounds will be very soft

Question 32

Nerve deafness

Answer 32

- due to damage to the cochlear or auditory nerve - sounds will be muffled

Question 33

Somatosensory system (3 systems), what is each one responsible for?

Answer 33

1. exteroreceptive - external stimuli (touch) 2. proprioceptive - body position 3. interoceptive - body conditions (temperature and BP)

Question 34

What are the 3 divisions of the exteroreceptive system?

Answer 34

1. touch 2. temperature 3. pain

Question 35

Cutaneous receptors - Free nerve endings

Answer 35

temperature and pain

Question 36

Cutaneous receptors - Paicnian corpuscles

Answer 36

displacements of skin

Question 37

Cutaneous receptors - Merkel's disks

Answer 37

gradual skin indentation

Question 38

Cutaneous receptors - Ruffini endings

Answer 38

gradual skin stretch

Question 39

What is stereognosis?

Answer 39

identifying objects by touch

Question 40

Dermatome

Answer 40

area of the body innervated by both the left and right dorsal roots of the spinal cord

Question 41

Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

Answer 41

touch and proprioception

Question 42

Anterolateral system

Answer 42

pain and temperature

Question 43

Somatosensory agnosias - Asterognosia, what is this due to?

Answer 43

- inability to recognize objects by touch - damage to somatosensory cortex

Question 44

Somatosensory agnosias - Asomatognosia

Answer 44

- inability to recognize parts of your body

Question 45

Descending pain control

Answer 45

pain can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors

Question 46

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

Answer 46

- involved in pain, opiate receptors can be found here

Question 47

Electrical stimulation of the PAG has __________ effects.

Answer 47

pain blocking

Question 48

Anosmia, what is it usually caused by?

Answer 48

- inability to smell - most common cause is a blow to the head that damages olfactory nerves

Question 49

Ageusia

Answer 49

inability to taste

Question 50

Change blindness

Answer 50

no memory of that which is not attended to (so focused on one thing that you don't see/focus on another)

Question 51

Cocktail party phenomenon

Answer 51

there is processing of information not attended to

Question 52

Simultanagnosia, what is it caused by?

Answer 52

- difficulty attending to more than one visual object at a time - bilateral damage to the dorsal stream