Exam 2 - Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Attention Flashcards
The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as:
A) seeing.
B) hearing.
C) sensation.
D) perception
C
The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the___________, of the vibrations that produced it.
A) frequency, amplitude, and complexity
B) amplitude, complexity, and frequency
C) amplitude, frequency, and complexity
D) complexity, frequency, and amplitude
C
The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of:
A) the auditory system.
B) the vestibular system.
C) a top-down system .
D) an exteroceptive system.
B
The major projections of the inferior colliculi go to the:
A) cochlear nuclei.
B) medial geniculate nuclei.
C) visual cortex.
D) superior olives.
B
In most of the mammals that have been studies, auditory cortex lesions produce:
A) total deafness.
B) total deafness, if the lesions are bilateral.
C) a deficit in the ability to localize brief sounds.
D) compensatory growth in the cochlea.
C
The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by:
A) free nerve endings.
B) Pacinian corpuscles.
C) nociceptors.
D) temperoceptors.
A
Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are:
A) blood cells.
B) auditory receptors.
C) receptors in the skin.
D) taste receptors.
C
Primary somatosensory cortex is in the:
A) postcentral gyrus.
B) precentral gyrus.
C) occipital lobe.
D) frontal lobe.
A
Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces:
A) opiates.
B) serotonin.
C) analgesia.
D) opiate receptors.
C
Sensation
detecting a stimulus
Perception
understanding the stimulus (adding meaning)
Sounds are ______ of air molecules.
vibrations
Amplitude
loudness
Frequency
pitch
Complexity
timbre
Pinna
outer ear, helps for localization of sound
Tympanic membrane
the eardrum
Ossicles
- hammer, anvil and stirrup
- smallest bones in the body
- cause vibrations at the oval window
Oval window
vibration of this sets in motion the fluid of the cochlea
Organ of Corti
auditory receptor organ
Basilar membrane
- auditory receptors, hair cells are mounted here
- vibrations cause the hairs to move, which cause little actions potentials
Tectorial membrane
rests on the hair cells of the basilar membrane
What is tonotopic organization?
- different frequencies produce maximum stimulation at different points along the basilar membrane
What is the order of the Auditory pathway?
- auditory nerve axons
- cochlear nucleus
- superior olives
- inferior colliculi
- medial geniculate nucleus
- primary auditory cortex
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
temporal lobe
Place code
- different frequencies are coded by different locations on the basilar membrane
- how we hear higher frequencies
Frequency code
how we hear low frequencies
Cochlear implant
electrical device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear
Medial sound localization
arrival time differences, location of sound
Lateral sound localization
amplitude differences, distance of sound
Conductive deafness
- due to damage to the ossicles
- sounds will be very soft
Nerve deafness
- due to damage to the cochlear or auditory nerve
- sounds will be muffled
Somatosensory system (3 systems), what is each one responsible for?
- exteroreceptive - external stimuli (touch)
- proprioceptive - body position
- interoceptive - body conditions (temperature and BP)
What are the 3 divisions of the exteroreceptive system?
- touch
- temperature
- pain
Cutaneous receptors - Free nerve endings
temperature and pain
Cutaneous receptors - Paicnian corpuscles
displacements of skin
Cutaneous receptors - Merkel’s disks
gradual skin indentation
Cutaneous receptors - Ruffini endings
gradual skin stretch
What is stereognosis?
identifying objects by touch
Dermatome
area of the body innervated by both the left and right dorsal roots of the spinal cord
Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system
touch and proprioception
Anterolateral system
pain and temperature
Somatosensory agnosias - Asterognosia, what is this due to?
- inability to recognize objects by touch
- damage to somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory agnosias - Asomatognosia
- inability to recognize parts of your body
Descending pain control
pain can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors
Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
- involved in pain, opiate receptors can be found here
Electrical stimulation of the PAG has __________ effects.
pain blocking
Anosmia, what is it usually caused by?
- inability to smell
- most common cause is a blow to the head that damages olfactory nerves
Ageusia
inability to taste
Change blindness
no memory of that which is not attended to (so focused on one thing that you don’t see/focus on another)
Cocktail party phenomenon
there is processing of information not attended to
Simultanagnosia, what is it caused by?
- difficulty attending to more than one visual object at a time
- bilateral damage to the dorsal stream
