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Biopsychology > Exam 2 - Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Attention > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Attention Flashcards

1
Q

The simple process of detecting the presence of stimuli is often referred to as:
A) seeing.​

B) hearing.​

C) sensation.​

D) perception

A

C

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2
Q

The loudness, pitch, and timbre of a sound are directly related to the___________, of the vibrations that produced it.
A) frequency, amplitude, and complexity​

B) amplitude, complexity, and frequency​

C) amplitude, frequency, and complexity​

D) complexity, frequency, and amplitude

A

C

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3
Q

The semicircular canals are the receptive organs of:
A) the auditory system.​

B) the vestibular system.​

C) a top-down system .​

D) an exteroceptive system.

A

B

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4
Q

The major projections of the inferior colliculi go to the:
A) cochlear nuclei.​

B) medial geniculate nuclei.​

C) visual cortex.​

D) superior olives.

A

B

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5
Q

In most of the mammals that have been studies, auditory cortex lesions produce:
A) total deafness.​

B) total deafness, if the lesions are bilateral.​

C) a deficit in the ability to localize brief sounds.​

D) compensatory growth in the cochlea.

A

C

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6
Q

The perception of both pain and changes in skin temperature are largely mediated by:
A) free nerve endings.​

B) Pacinian corpuscles.​

C) nociceptors.​

D) temperoceptors.

A

A

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7
Q

Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Ruffini endings are:
A) blood cells.​

B) auditory receptors.​

C) receptors in the skin.​

D) taste receptors.

A

C

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8
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex is in the:
A) postcentral gyrus.​

B) precentral gyrus.​

C) occipital lobe.​

D) frontal lobe.

A

A

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9
Q

Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces:
A) opiates.​

B) serotonin.​

C) analgesia.​

D) opiate receptors.

A

C

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10
Q

Sensation

A

detecting a stimulus

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11
Q

Perception

A

understanding the stimulus (adding meaning)

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12
Q

Sounds are ______ of air molecules.

A

vibrations

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13
Q

Amplitude

A

loudness

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14
Q

Frequency

A

pitch

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15
Q

Complexity

A

timbre

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16
Q

Pinna

A

outer ear, helps for localization of sound

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17
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

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18
Q

Ossicles

A
  • hammer, anvil and stirrup
  • smallest bones in the body
  • cause vibrations at the oval window
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19
Q

Oval window

A

vibration of this sets in motion the fluid of the cochlea

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20
Q

Organ of Corti

A

auditory receptor organ

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21
Q

Basilar membrane

A
  • auditory receptors, hair cells are mounted here
  • vibrations cause the hairs to move, which cause little actions potentials
22
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

rests on the hair cells of the basilar membrane

23
Q

What is tonotopic organization?

A
  • different frequencies produce maximum stimulation at different points along the basilar membrane
24
Q

What is the order of the Auditory pathway?

A
  1. auditory nerve axons
  2. cochlear nucleus
  3. superior olives
  4. inferior colliculi
  5. medial geniculate nucleus
  6. primary auditory cortex
25
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

temporal lobe

26
Q

Place code

A
  • different frequencies are coded by different locations on the basilar membrane
  • how we hear higher frequencies
27
Q

Frequency code

A

how we hear low frequencies

28
Q

Cochlear implant

A

electrical device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable a deaf person to hear

29
Q

Medial sound localization

A

arrival time differences, location of sound

30
Q

Lateral sound localization

A

amplitude differences, distance of sound

31
Q

Conductive deafness

A
  • due to damage to the ossicles
  • sounds will be very soft
32
Q

Nerve deafness

A
  • due to damage to the cochlear or auditory nerve
  • sounds will be muffled
33
Q

Somatosensory system (3 systems), what is each one responsible for?

A
  1. exteroreceptive - external stimuli (touch)
  2. proprioceptive - body position
  3. interoceptive - body conditions (temperature and BP)
34
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the exteroreceptive system?

A
  1. touch
  2. temperature
  3. pain
35
Q

Cutaneous receptors - Free nerve endings

A

temperature and pain

36
Q

Cutaneous receptors - Paicnian corpuscles

A

displacements of skin

37
Q

Cutaneous receptors - Merkel’s disks

A

gradual skin indentation

38
Q

Cutaneous receptors - Ruffini endings

A

gradual skin stretch

39
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

identifying objects by touch

40
Q

Dermatome

A

area of the body innervated by both the left and right dorsal roots of the spinal cord

41
Q

Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

A

touch and proprioception

42
Q

Anterolateral system

A

pain and temperature

43
Q

Somatosensory agnosias - Asterognosia, what is this due to?

A
  • inability to recognize objects by touch
  • damage to somatosensory cortex
44
Q

Somatosensory agnosias - Asomatognosia

A
  • inability to recognize parts of your body
45
Q

Descending pain control

A

pain can be suppressed by cognitive and emotional factors

46
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A
  • involved in pain, opiate receptors can be found here
47
Q

Electrical stimulation of the PAG has __________ effects.

A

pain blocking

48
Q

Anosmia, what is it usually caused by?

A
  • inability to smell
  • most common cause is a blow to the head that damages olfactory nerves
49
Q

Ageusia

A

inability to taste

50
Q

Change blindness

A

no memory of that which is not attended to (so focused on one thing that you don’t see/focus on another)

51
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

there is processing of information not attended to

52
Q

Simultanagnosia, what is it caused by?

A
  • difficulty attending to more than one visual object at a time
  • bilateral damage to the dorsal stream

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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