Exam 2 - Brain damage and neuroplasticity Flashcards
Which type of tumor is likely to be benign?
A) encapsulated
B) metastatic
C) infiltrating
D) malignant
A
Metastasis refers
A) specifically to malignant tumors.
B) to tumors that have spread from the lungs to the brain.
C) to infiltrating tumors.
D) to the spread of disease from one organ to another.
D
Cerebral ischemia is a disruption of the supply of __________ to the __________.
A) blood; heart
B) air; body
C) neurotransmitters; brain
D) blood; brain
D
The punch-drunk syndrome typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor
A) contusions.
B) concussions.
C) infarcts.
D) aneurysms
B
Which of the following disorders results from a genetic mutation that produces an extra
chromosome 21?
A) Down syndrome
B) meningitis
C) tardive dyskinesia
D) general paresis
A
The two major categories of seizures are
A) generalized and simple.
B) generalized and partial.
C) petit mal and grand mal.
D) cortical and subcortical.
B
Meningiomas
tumor encased in meninges
Neoplasm
tumor - a mass of cells that grows independently
Encapsulated tumor
benign
Infiltrating tumor
malignant
Matastisize
originate elsewhere - cells break off and move elsewhere
Stroke
- sudden-onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage
- interruption of blood flow to the brain
Cerebral hemorrhage
bleeding in the brain
Cerebral ischemia
disruption of blood supply to the brain
- most common
Thrombosis and embolism are types of clots that can cause what type of stroke? What is a thrombosis, embolism?
- ischemic stroke
- thrombosis = clot blocks the artery where it was formed
- embolism = dislodged clot that has blocked an artery close to the brain
What are the two types of ischemic strokes?
- focal (affects one area)
- global (affects entire brain)
Cerebral ischemia causes an influx of what?
- sodium
- causes release of glutamate
- which then causes the release of more sodium and calcium, which results in the death of the neuron
Hemorrhagic stroke, what is the common cause?
- diseased blood vessel bursts, allowing blood to leak into the brain
- common cause is hypertension
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- occurs when a blood vessel outside of the brain ruptures
- blood pools and puts pressure on the brain
What is used to treat Ischemic stroke? What does it do?
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), break blood clots
Hypothermia
lowers body temperature (33 C or 92 F) within 12 hours of a stroke
Contrecoup injuries
contusions are on the side of the brain opposite to the blow
Contusions
- damage to the cerebral circulatory system
- a bruise forms
Concussion
disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and no evidence of structural damage
Punch drunk syndrome, what can this cause?
occurs after multiple concussions
- can damage the brain
Bacterial infections of the brain, examples, and what are they treated with?
- often lead to abscesses (pockets of pus)
- meningitis, syphilis
- treated with penicillin
Viral infections of the brain, what are some examples of them?
- preferentially attack neural tissues
- rabies, mumps and herpes
Toxic psychosis
chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin
The Mad Hatter
psychosis due to mercury exposure
Crackpot
psychosis due to lead exposure
Tardive dyskinesia, what does this cause?
motor disorder caused by antipsychotic drugs - causes involuntary movements
Most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin are associated with recessive genes. Why?
because they’ve been more removed from the gene pool
What are the characteristics of down syndrome? What do they have an extra of?
- disfigurement, mental disability, other health problems
- extra chromosome 21
Seizure/Epilepsy
random firing of neurons
What typically causes seizures?
brain damage and some genes
Partial epilepsy, what are the two subtypes?
- does not involve the whole brain
- simple = sensory or motor or both symptoms, change in consciousness
- complex = restricted to temporal lobes, pt engages in automatisms (compulsive and repetitive behaviors)
Generalized epilepsy, what are the two subtypes?
- involves the entire brain
- grand mal = loss of consciousness and equilibrium, tonic-clonic convulsions (rigidity and temors), results in hypoxia
- petit mal = disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior
Medications that target what, are used to treat generalized seizures?
GABA
Parkinson’s disease
- progressive motor disorder WITHOUT dimensia
- Tremor at rest is the most common symptom
Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of what? What do these neurons use? What is the treatment?
- substantia nigra
- dopamine
- L-dopa
Mutations of chromosome ___ and ___ are associated with Parkinson’s disease.
4 and 6
Huntington’s disease, what part of the brain does it affect? What are the common symptoms?
- progressive motor disorder WITH dementia
- affects the basal ganglia
- fidgetiness and progresses to jerky movements
Multiple sclerosis, what are some symptoms?
- autoimmune disease that attacks CNS myelin, leaving areas of hard scar tissue (sclerosis)
- symptoms include visual disturbances, muscle weakness, numbness, tremor, and loss of motor coordination
Huntington’s disease is caused by a single dominant gene on what chromosome?
chromosome 4
Alzheimer’s disease, what is it characterized by?
- progressive disease that is the most common cause of dementia
- characterized by confusion and a selective decline in memory
What must be observed in Alzheimer’s patients?
- neurofibrillary tangles
- amyloid plaques
Declined ________ is observed among Alzheimer’s patients.
acetylcholine
Aura
precedes seizures
- smell, hallucination, or feelings of fear
Anterograde degeneration, what happens to the cell?
- degeneration of the distal segment, between the cut and synaptic terminal
- cell swells and breaks off because it’s been cut off from metabolic center
Retrograde degeneration, what happens to the cell?
- degeneration of the proximal segment, between the cut and cell body
- neuron can survive
Neural regeneration - where is it possible and not possible, why?
not possible in CNS because oligodendrocytes block regeneration, possible in PNS because Schwann cells promote regeneration depending on the damage
Cognitive reserve, what may it play an important role in?
- education and intelligence
- recovery of function
What 3 things are used to block neurodegeneration?
- apoptosis inhibitor protein
- nerve growth factor (blocks degeneration of damaged neurons)
- estrogens (limit or delay neuron death)
What two things are used for neurotransplantation?
- fetal tissue
- stem cells
What is an example of rehabilitative training to reduce brain damage?
constraint-induced therapy - disallow use of functioning limb while training the impaired one
