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Biopsychology > Exam 2 - Brain damage and neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Brain damage and neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of tumor is likely to be benign?​

A) encapsulated​

B) metastatic​

C) infiltrating​

D) malignant​

​

A

A

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2
Q

Metastasis refers​

A) specifically to malignant tumors.​

B) to tumors that have spread from the lungs to the brain.​

C) to infiltrating tumors.​

D) to the spread of disease from one organ to another.

A

D

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3
Q

Cerebral ischemia is a disruption of the supply of __________ to the __________.​

A) blood; heart​

B) air; body​

C) neurotransmitters; brain​

D) blood; brain

A

D

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4
Q

The punch-drunk syndrome typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor​

A) contusions.​

B) concussions.​

C) infarcts.​

D) aneurysms

A

B

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5
Q

Which of the following disorders results from a genetic mutation that produces an extra​

chromosome 21?​

A) Down syndrome​

B) meningitis​

C) tardive dyskinesia​

D) general paresis

A

A

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6
Q

The two major categories of seizures are​

A) generalized and simple.​

B) generalized and partial.​

C) petit mal and grand mal.​

D) cortical and subcortical.

A

B

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7
Q

Meningiomas

A

tumor encased in meninges

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8
Q

Neoplasm

A

tumor - a mass of cells that grows independently

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9
Q

Encapsulated tumor

A

benign

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10
Q

Infiltrating tumor

A

malignant

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11
Q

Matastisize

A

originate elsewhere - cells break off and move elsewhere

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12
Q

Stroke

A
  • sudden-onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage
  • interruption of blood flow to the brain
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13
Q

Cerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding in the brain

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14
Q

Cerebral ischemia

A

disruption of blood supply to the brain
- most common

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15
Q

Thrombosis and embolism are types of clots that can cause what type of stroke? What is a thrombosis, embolism?

A
  • ischemic stroke
  • thrombosis = clot blocks the artery where it was formed
  • embolism = dislodged clot that has blocked an artery close to the brain
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16
Q

What are the two types of ischemic strokes?

A
  1. focal (affects one area)
  2. global (affects entire brain)
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17
Q

Cerebral ischemia causes an influx of what?

A
  • sodium
  • causes release of glutamate
  • which then causes the release of more sodium and calcium, which results in the death of the neuron
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18
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke, what is the common cause?

A
  • diseased blood vessel bursts, allowing blood to leak into the brain
  • common cause is hypertension
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19
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
  • occurs when a blood vessel outside of the brain ruptures
  • blood pools and puts pressure on the brain
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20
Q

What is used to treat Ischemic stroke? What does it do?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), break blood clots

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21
Q

Hypothermia

A

lowers body temperature (33 C or 92 F) within 12 hours of a stroke

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22
Q

Contrecoup injuries

A

contusions are on the side of the brain opposite to the blow

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23
Q

Contusions

A
  • damage to the cerebral circulatory system
  • a bruise forms
24
Q

Concussion

A

disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and no evidence of structural damage

25
Q

Punch drunk syndrome, what can this cause?

A

occurs after multiple concussions
- can damage the brain

26
Q

Bacterial infections of the brain, examples, and what are they treated with?

A
  • often lead to abscesses (pockets of pus)
  • meningitis, syphilis
  • treated with penicillin
27
Q

Viral infections of the brain, what are some examples of them?

A
  • preferentially attack neural tissues
  • rabies, mumps and herpes
28
Q

Toxic psychosis

A

chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin

29
Q

The Mad Hatter

A

psychosis due to mercury exposure

30
Q

Crackpot

A

psychosis due to lead exposure

31
Q

Tardive dyskinesia, what does this cause?

A

motor disorder caused by antipsychotic drugs - causes involuntary movements

32
Q

Most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin are associated with recessive genes. Why?

A

because they’ve been more removed from the gene pool

33
Q

What are the characteristics of down syndrome? What do they have an extra of?

A
  • disfigurement, mental disability, other health problems
  • extra chromosome 21
34
Q

Seizure/Epilepsy

A

random firing of neurons

35
Q

What typically causes seizures?

A

brain damage and some genes

36
Q

Partial epilepsy, what are the two subtypes?

A
  • does not involve the whole brain
  • simple = sensory or motor or both symptoms, change in consciousness
  • complex = restricted to temporal lobes, pt engages in automatisms (compulsive and repetitive behaviors)
37
Q

Generalized epilepsy, what are the two subtypes?

A
  • involves the entire brain
  • grand mal = loss of consciousness and equilibrium, tonic-clonic convulsions (rigidity and temors), results in hypoxia
  • petit mal = disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior
38
Q

Medications that target what, are used to treat generalized seizures?

A

GABA

39
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • progressive motor disorder WITHOUT dimensia
  • Tremor at rest is the most common symptom
40
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with the degeneration of what? What do these neurons use? What is the treatment?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • dopamine
  • L-dopa
41
Q

Mutations of chromosome ___ and ___ are associated with Parkinson’s disease.

A

4 and 6

42
Q

Huntington’s disease, what part of the brain does it affect? What are the common symptoms?

A
  • progressive motor disorder WITH dementia
  • affects the basal ganglia
  • fidgetiness and progresses to jerky movements
43
Q

Multiple sclerosis, what are some symptoms?

A
  • autoimmune disease that attacks CNS myelin, leaving areas of hard scar tissue (sclerosis)
  • symptoms include visual disturbances, muscle weakness, numbness, tremor, and loss of motor coordination
44
Q

Huntington’s disease is caused by a single dominant gene on what chromosome?

A

chromosome 4

45
Q

Alzheimer’s disease, what is it characterized by?

A
  • progressive disease that is the most common cause of dementia
  • characterized by confusion and a selective decline in memory
46
Q

What must be observed in Alzheimer’s patients?

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles
  • amyloid plaques
47
Q

Declined ________ is observed among Alzheimer’s patients.

A

acetylcholine

48
Q

Aura

A

precedes seizures
- smell, hallucination, or feelings of fear

49
Q

Anterograde degeneration, what happens to the cell?

A
  • degeneration of the distal segment, between the cut and synaptic terminal
  • cell swells and breaks off because it’s been cut off from metabolic center
50
Q

Retrograde degeneration, what happens to the cell?

A
  • degeneration of the proximal segment, between the cut and cell body
  • neuron can survive
51
Q

Neural regeneration - where is it possible and not possible, why?

A

not possible in CNS because oligodendrocytes block regeneration, possible in PNS because Schwann cells promote regeneration depending on the damage

52
Q

Cognitive reserve, what may it play an important role in?

A
  • education and intelligence
  • recovery of function
53
Q

What 3 things are used to block neurodegeneration?

A
  1. apoptosis inhibitor protein
  2. nerve growth factor (blocks degeneration of damaged neurons)
  3. estrogens (limit or delay neuron death)
54
Q

What two things are used for neurotransplantation?

A
  1. fetal tissue
  2. stem cells
55
Q

What is an example of rehabilitative training to reduce brain damage?

A

constraint-induced therapy - disallow use of functioning limb while training the impaired one

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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