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Biopsychology > Exam 3 - Learning and memory > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

how experiences changes the brain

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2
Q

Memory

A

how changes are stored and subsequently reactivated

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3
Q

H.M’s greatest post-surgical problem was his​:

A. Anterograde amnesia
B. Retrograde amnesia​
C. Deficit in short-term memory
D. Deficit on the digit-span test

A

A

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4
Q

In a nutshell, H.M’s main problem seems to be that he​
A. Has no long-term memories​
B. Can form no new long-term memories​
C. Can form no new explicit long-term memories​
D. Can form no new implicit long-term memories

A

C

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5
Q

Who is Henry Mollison? What happened after his surgery?

A
  • an epileptic who had his temporal lobes removed
  • suffered from mild retrograde amnesia and severe anterograde amnesia
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6
Q

Retrograde amnesia, people with this cannot remember events _____ to the brain damage.

A
  • unable to remember the past
  • prior
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7
Q

Anterograde amnesia, people with this cannot remember events ____ brain damage.

A
  • unable to form new memories
  • after
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8
Q

First theories of Korsakoff’s amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later evidence suggested that damage to the __________ is a major contributing factor​

A. Frontal cortex
B. Hippocampus​
C. Mediodorsal nuclei
D. Temporal infarction

A

C

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9
Q

Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of medial-temporal-lobe lesions of nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample suggest that_______ damage contributes substantially to the amnesic effects of bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy.​

A. Rhinal cortex
B. Hippocampus​
C. Amygdala
D. Both A and C

A

A

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10
Q

Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for ​

A. Pavlovian conditioning
B. Time​
C. Spatial location
D. instrumental conditioning

A

C

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11
Q

What is bilateral medial temporal lobectomy?

A

removal of the medial temporal lobe

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12
Q

Digit span test, how did H.M. do in this, what does this mean?

A
  • the patient is asked to repeat a list of digits forward and backward
  • improved with practice
  • able to repeat digits that were learned within the limits of short-term storage
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13
Q

Incomplete pictures test

A
  • interpreting various pictures with varying degrees of completion
  • H.M. had good results
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14
Q

Mirror-Drawing test, how did H.M. do in this?

A
  • patients are asked to trace a drawing that is shown in a mirror
  • showed that he is able to learn some things, although he is not aware of it
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15
Q

What was the scientific contribution of H.M.’s case, what is H.M. unable to do?

A
  • that the medial temporal lobes are involved in memory
  • he is unable to move memories from STM to LTM
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16
Q

H.M. forms new _______ memories, but not new ______ memories.

A

implicit, explicit

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17
Q

Explicit memories

A

conscious memories, declarative memory, general memories

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18
Q

Implicit memories

A

unconscious memories, nondeclarative memory

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19
Q

What test is used to assess implicit memory? What is done during this test?

A
  • repetition priming test
  • identifying fragments of words becomes easier when the words have been seen before
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20
Q

Declarative memory

A

memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past

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21
Q

Nondeclarative memory

A

memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory

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22
Q

Semantic memory

A

general information, meanings of words, general facts

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23
Q

Episodic memory

A

events that one has experienced

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24
Q

What caused damage to R.B.’s hippocampus, specifically the CA1 region?

A

cerebral ischemia

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25
Q

What does R.B.’s case suggest?

A

that hippocampal damage alone can produce amnesia

26
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome characterized by?

A

amnesia, confusion, personality changes, and physical problems

27
Q

Who is Korsakoff’s syndrome most commonly seen in?

A

alcoholics and people with a thiamine deficient diet

28
Q

What does alcohol cause a disruption in (korsakoffs)?

A

the body’s ability to use thiamine

29
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome typically due to (what is damaged)?

A

damage in the medial diencephalon, which is the medial thalamus and the medial hypothalamus

30
Q

What type of amnesia is seen in the early stages of Korsakoff’s syndrome? Later stages?

A
  • anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia
31
Q

Medial diencephalic amnesia

A

medial diencephalon is involved in amnesia

32
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive disorder that results in dimentia

33
Q

Major _______ and _______ amnesia is involved in AD.

A

anterograde and retrograde

34
Q

What are the causes the amnesia in AD?

A

decreased acetylcholine and damage to the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex

35
Q

What is the decreased acetylcholine seen in AD caused by?

A

basal forebrain degeneration

36
Q

Posttraumatic Amnesia (PTA)

A

retrograde and anterograde amnesia that occurs after a blow to the head (concussion), causes a loss of consciousness

37
Q

What does the period of anterograde amnesia in PTA suggest?

A

transfer of STM to LTM was interrupted by the blow to the head

38
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in consolidation?

A

moves STM to LTM

39
Q

Engram

A

a change in how the brain stores a memory

40
Q

Object Recognition Memory, what part of the brain is involved in this test?

A
  • subject has to move a sample obj. to get food from under it, then a screen is lowered and a new object is placed, the monkey has to remember the first obj. and select the unfamiliar obj. to obtain the food beneath it
  • entorhinal and perirhinal cortex invovled
41
Q

Delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

A

participant is shown a sample stimulus and then, after a variable time, a pair of test stimuli and is asked to select the test stimulus that matches the earlier sample stimulus.

42
Q

Many hippocampal cells are place cells, what does this mean?

A

they respond when a subject is in a particular place

43
Q

What two tests are used to test spatial memory?

A

morris water maze and radial arm maze

44
Q

Cognitive map theory

A

constructs and stores allocentric maps of the world (structures and objects)

45
Q

Configural association theory

A

involved in retaining the behavioral significance of combinations of stimuli (meanings for certain signs)

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

spatial location and transferring information from STM to LTM

47
Q

Rhinal cortex

A

object recognition

48
Q

Damage to the mediodorsal nucleus causes?

A

Korsakoff’s

49
Q

Damage to the basal forebrain causes?

A

Alzheimer’s

50
Q

Inferotemporal cortex

A

visual perception of objects

51
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional learning

52
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

temporal order of events and working memory

53
Q

Cerebellum and striatum

A

sensorimotor tasks

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

stores memories of sensorimotor skills (conditioned eyeblink for ex.)

55
Q

Striatum

A

habit formation - association btwn stimuli and responses

56
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

synapses are effectively made stronger by repeated stimulation, enhancing the response of that neuron

57
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

synapses are effectively made stronger by repeated stimulation, enhances response of that neuron

58
Q

LTP only occurs when?

A

if presynaptic firing is followed by postsynaptic firing

59
Q

What are the three processes of LTP?

A
  1. induction (learning)
  2. maintenance (memory)
  3. expression (recall)
60
Q

What receptors are involved in induction?

A

NMDA glutamate receptors

61
Q

When do NMDA receptors respond maximally?

A

when glutamate binds to it, and the neuron is already depolarized

62
Q

What is LTD?

A

long term depression

Biopsychology (12 decks)

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